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人教版新课标PEP小学英语三年级上册Look at Me说课稿4篇
5. 文化目标：本单元的文化知识是西方的万圣节（10月31日），万圣节是西方孩子们最喜欢的节日之一。他们身穿不同的戏装，戴上千奇百怪的面具，在街区走来走去。不少孩子手中还提着一盏“杰克灯”（Jack-o’-lantern）/南瓜灯,这种灯的做法是先把南瓜挖空，在南瓜上挖出眼睛、嘴和鼻子，贴上蓝色纸，制成南瓜灯，当中点上一支小蜡烛，放出幽灵似的蓝白光。孩子们常常从一家走到另一家，在人家门前高喊：“你想挨捉弄，还是款待我们？”（Trick or treat!）如果主人不给糖果或零钱，这些孩子就会捉弄他（她）。他们有时在门把手上涂上肥皂，有时把人家的猫涂上颜色。这些恶作剧常令大人啼笑皆非。当然，大多数人家都非常乐意款待这些天真的小客人。在晚上，人们常举行晚会，孩子和大人都身穿不同服装。万圣节人们常常做一些传统的游戏和活动，像：试图摘悬挂的苹果，算命，听有关鬼的故事。学校也经常举行晚会或化装游行。
人教版新课标PEP小学英语四年级上册Meet My Family!说课稿8篇
一、说教材：我所上的是PEP3 Unit6 Meet my family B Let’s talk 部分。主要的学习内容是：1.What’s your mother/father? He’s/She’s a …. 2. He looks strong. They look young. 3.Is this your …？Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t. 同时，在完成教学大纲所规定的教学内容后，根据学生的掌握情况，在学有余力的情况下，适当拓展学习内容，让学生结合自己的家庭照片，把自己的家人介绍给自己的朋友。二、说教学目标：1.能听懂、会说本课对话，并能在实际情景中运用。2.能听、说、认读本课句型Is this your father ? What’s your mother ? He looks strong .They look young .3.理解、会说Let’s chant部分的内容。三、说重点：1.能听、说、认读句型：Is this your …？What’s your …？He looks ….四、说难点：1.能够正确认读句型：They look young. Are they farmers.五、说教学过程：一、热身复习。1.Let’s doAct like a teacher/baseball player/driver/doctor/farmer/nurse.（课前播放Let’s do 部分的音乐，让学生进入教室跟着音乐边说边做。既起到了复习上节课所学单词的作用，又为新的引出奠定了基础。）
人教版新课标PEP小学英语四年级上册My Classroom说课稿5篇
一 说教材内容本课时的内容是四年级上册第一单元的第4课时，即Let’s learn, Let’ play, Let’s find out和Story time。本课为单词教学，用已学的有关教室设施的单词来引出5个新单词，并用TPR教学法来巩固和操练单词。通过理解故事，来了解学生对本单元知识的落实情况。二、 说教学目的在认真剖析教材的基础上，我针对学生实际，将本课时的教学目的确定如下：1、知识目的：能够听、说、认读本课时的重要单词，能够在教师的领导下完成游戏。能够完成Let’s find out中找字母的任务。能听懂本单元的故事。2、能力目的：能够用英语简略描写自己的教室，能够说出教师中设施的颜色等。3、情绪目的：重视合作精力，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生建立学习英语的信念。三、说教学重点和难点1、重点：本课时需要重点控制另外四个有关教室设备的单词：computer, teacher’s desk, fan, wall, floor。
人教版新课标PEP小学英语四年级上册My Friends说课稿9篇
五、说教法课堂教学是实施素质教育的主渠道，优化教育教学过程是改革课堂教学的有效途径。根据小学生的心里生理特点，认识规律以及发展要求，根据教材的编写思想及新课程标准的理念，教师要发挥积极的指导作用，以学生为主体，以人为本，采用直观情景教学、交际法、任务型教学原则、全身动作反应法等激趣。减负增效，展开教学，坚持以话题为核心，以功能,以结构为主线，以任务型活动安排本课教学。六、说学法指导在本课中，我努力以课标为指导，以活动为方式，变课堂为生活。坚持词不离句，句不离章的教学原则，使学生以生活为课堂，逐步提高自己的综合语言运用能力,形成自主学习的能力。七、说教学过程1．以学生为主体，复习导入当课堂奏响以人为本的主旋律，课堂也由专制走向民主，我反思传统课型，一改由教师唱主角的现象，由唱英文歌曲引入，由学生自主从歌曲中歌词找出形容词的反义词：big—small 、 short—long 进行复习。
人教版新课标PEP小学英语四年级上册My Home说课稿9篇
1、教师出示Let’s learn的课件（教材配套），提问“What can you see in the picture?”鼓励学生们积极发言，尽量说。2、学生会说到TV. table. chair desk甚至bed 等词。如果学生说出本课的生词，教师要特别鼓励，并反复的读几遍，加深学生的印象。如果学生指着table说成了desk, 教师可通过图片对比两个单词的不同。3、针对学生第2项说的情况进行生词的学习：教师图片出示phone等图，教学生一一学说生词，每个生词示范读后，都请大部分学生试读。注意phone的尾音。4、教师播放课件，学生跟读学习。5、游戏：将本课时的单词上下左右贴在黑板上，播放录音，学生听一听，指一指。再次打乱图片顺序，学生根据录音指图片。教师还可请能力强的学生说单词，其他学生指图片。6、让学生听录音，跟读Let’s learn中生词。然后教师随意说词，学生快速的指出。
人教版新课标PEP小学英语六年级上册What Does She Do说课稿6篇
My Home本身就是一个与生活有着紧密联系的话题。我从这一点出发，紧紧围绕生活来开展教学。在Write and say这部分内容的教授中，我通过介绍我自己房间里的家具，如：Th is is my room， you can see a window、a door、a desk、a chair、a bed, Oh, It is a nice room . I like it，引出句型What can you see in my room ?引导学生说:I can see a window、a door、a desk、a chair、a bed, Oh, It is a nice room . I like it，然后安排同桌间拿出自己准备的房间图片，根据房间图片，相互之间询问。要求学生简单描述自己的房间，结合学过的语言描述房间内家具陈设的名称、特征等。学生看着自己亲手绘制的房间图片，亲切感、生活的真实感都一股脑儿地涌上心头。此时他们用学习的语言进行交流的愿望也就特别强烈。 最后、渗透情感教育 让学生通过谈论自己的房间，培养学生对家的热爱之情；我在这样的教学中渗透了学生热爱家庭的情感教育：因为，家是我们每个人永远的港湾，我们要爱家，爱护家里的每一样家具。
人教版新课标PEP小学英语六年级上册The story of rain说课稿7篇
4,在向学生提出了“ the water cycle”后,为了学生能够形象地解释,我马上播放flash “the water cycle”,5,通过观看flash “the water cycle”，学生已经能够理解水循环的意思，所以在理解的基础上，我出现了今天的chant，利用Chant的目的：1、记忆单词；2、熟悉新句型；3、使课堂更生动、活泼，让学生学得轻松。6，最后，播放了一个“一滴水”flash ，把本课的主题升华，让学生在一堂课中能够有所学有所悟。Water is useful(有用的). Let’s love it and protect(保护) it. Step 4 Homework在有限的时间里，通过练习作业本上的几个题目，来看看学生对本课的学习掌握了多少，同时也反馈给老师一些信息，看看本课哪些地方需要下一课时补充巩固一下。整堂课下来，自身受益匪浅，当然也发现了很多需要改进的地方，作为一个新教师，教学经验不足，课堂应变能力不强，教学用语生疏等等，希望在这里可能得到各位老师的指点和教导。
人教版高中英语必修3Astronomy the science of the stars说课稿3篇
Step 2 Pre-listeningAfter students finish their discussion, I will show a picture of Newton and ask them: Who is him? What is he famous for? Could you find out some words to describe him? Maybe students will answer that he is genius for his finding of theGravitation, making a great contribution to the progress of human being. At that time I will show another two pictures of Einstein and Hawking, letting students guess who they are and write down their idea about the Gravitation. For I have arranged them to search more information about the gravity before this class, Students have beenfamiliar with the topic and will not be afraid about this abstract conception, which is helpful for their listening.Step 3 While-listeningIn this step, students will be required to listen the material for three times. The first and listening is extensive listening and the second and third listening is intensive listening. In the first time, They are required to listen a material including Part 1 and Part 2 and choose the best summary of the listening text. After they choose the right answer, They also need work in group to explain what is wrong with the others. Then I will make a conclusion that we should pay attention to the first paragraph and last paragraph and some keys to get the main idea. By doing this, their capacity of generalization will have a great improvement.Before the second listening, I will ask students to scan the blank on the power point quickly and ask them to note down some key words .Then ask them to listen to the Part 1again and fill the first column of the chart. Maybe some students just show the ideas of these three scientists an still can’t catch their development of gravity. Therefore, I will ask them to listen to Part 2 again and fill in the rest. After finish the listening, I will give them ten minutes to discuss with their partner. I will also guidethem to improve their answers when they discuss with others.
人教版高中英语必修3Festivals around the World说课稿3篇
Teaching plan for Unit 1 book3Good morning, teachers. It’s my great pleasure to be here because I can share my lesson with you and I can learn a lot from it. I’ll begin my lesson from the following four parts， the teaching material, the teaching methods, the studying methods and the teaching procedure.Firstly, let me talk about the teaching material. The content of my lesson is the reading passage festivals and celebrations of Unit 1 Festivals around the world. This passage is about festivals and celebrations. By studying this passage, we’ll enable the students to know that festivals exit everywhere, and many of festivals in different countries celebrate similar ideas. As we all know, the reading passage is the center of each unit. If the Ss can learn it well, it will be helpful to make the Ss learn the rest of this unit.After studying the teaching material, I think the teaching aims are as the followings:1. Knowledge aims:(1) The Ss can master the usage of the important words andexpressions.(2)The Ss can use the __________________ (grammar) in the proper situation.Make students know about the festivals all over the world and the detail of the festivals, such as origin, content, and the date of the holiday festivals.2. Ability aims:(1) Students can talk about festivals and celebrations in English(2) To improve the student’s reading ability, especially their skimming and scanning ability.3. Emotion aims:Make the Ss know about the foreign festivals, and respect other countries’ custom.Next, let’s come to the important points and the difficult points.The important point is how to make the Ss understand the text better and the difficult point is how can they talk about it. secondly， Teaching Methods:1. task-based Language Teaching2. Computer assisted language teaching.3. question-and–answer methodThirdly， Studying Methods:
人教版高中英语必修3The million pound bank note说课稿3篇
在接下来的细读环节，我套用了高考对阅读理解的考查方式设置了5个问题，分别为三个推理判断题，一个细节题和一个主旨大意题。学生需要对文章的内容进行分析、归纳、推理、猜测等高级思维活动才能做出正确的回答。【设计意图】这一过程是对学生进行细读的训练，培养学生获取特定信息和挖掘文章深层次信息的能力。第三环节:Intensive-reading (精读) 15′第三个环节精读，既是最重要的环节，也是突破本课重难点的关键。首先，让学生思考剧本中人物看到百万英镑前后的态度发生了怎样的变化。其次，让学生仔细阅读文章，找出可以表现人物态度变化的具体的语言和动作。最后，让学生总结人物的态度发生变化的根本原因是什么，从而引出Money Talks, 供学生思考。【设计意图】通过一系列的活动培养学生学习从人物的语言和动作探究人物的心理，使学生进一步体会戏剧语言的魅力，从而对文章背后所反映的社会问题进行思考，也为下一步的讨论环节做好铺垫。
人教版高中英语必修3Healthy Eating说课稿4篇
Language learning needs a context, which can help the learners to understand the language and then can product comprehensible output, so computer has the advantages to make the materials attractive.Part 3 Learning MethodsTask-based, self-dependent and cooperative learningPart 4 Teaching ProcedureStep One Lead-in“Interest is the best teacher.” Therefore, at the very beginning of the class, I should spark the students’ mind to focus on the centre topic “the band”. I’ll show some pictures of food to attract their attention and then bring some questions.Question:What kind of food they like?What should go into a good meal?The answers must relate to the diet. After this, the students will be eager to know something about a balance diet and this is the very time to naturally lead the class into Step 2Step 2 Reading for information: skimming and scanning In this step, I use Task-based Language Teaching method, which can give students a clear and specific purpose while skimming and scanning the context.Task 1 General ideaThe students will be asked to just glance at the title and the pictures of the passage, and then guess what they will read in the text. And they’ll be divided into groups of four to have a discussion.The purpose is to inspire the students to read actively, not passively. In addition, the task is to develop the students’ reading skill by making prediction and to encourage the students to express their thoughts in English and cooperate with each other.Task 2 Main idea of each paragraphCooperative learning can raise the students’ interest and create an atmosphere of achievement. Based on this theory, I divide the whole class into 4 groups to skim the whole text and get the main idea of each paragraph.
人教版高中英语必修2Computers说课稿3篇
一. 教材分析1. 本单元的中心话题是“计算机（Computers）”，内容涉及计算机的发展历史，计算机的应用等。本节课是该单元的第一课时，我将Warming up, Pre-reading and Comprehending这四部分整合为一节精读课。其中。Reading部分是题为WHO AM I？的文章，以第一人称的拟人手法介绍了计算机发长演变的历史和计算机在各个领域的应用，其主旨是表达计算机的发展变化之快以及在生活中用途之广。而Warming up部分以图片的形式展现了计算机的发展历程；Pre-reading中的问题和排序分别是为了预测语篇的内容和测试学生对计算机历史了解的情况；Comprehending则通过各项练习训练学生的阅读技能，从而加深对文章的理解。可见这几部分是一个有机的整体。2. 教学目标：1) 语言目标：重点词汇及短语：abacus, calculate, calculator, PC, laptop, PDA, robot, analytical, technological, universal, mathematical, artificial, intelligent, network, explore, in common, as a result.重点句子：a. My real father was Alan Turing, who in 1963 wrote a book to describe how computers could be made to work, and build a “universal machine” to solve any mathematical problem.
人教版高中英语必修2Wildlife Protection说课稿3篇
When it comes to the students’ studying methods, I'd like to introduce my Ss first. The Ss have a good command of basic language points. They’re interested in learning English, and they take an active part in English class, so they will have fun in autonomous, cooperative and inquiry learning. I will just serve as a guide, showing them the way to explore how to make more progress in their English learning.Now it’s time for the most important stage of this lesson. My teaching procedures are arranged as follows:Step1.Leading-in (3 minute)Play a video of a wide variety of wildlife to introduce my topic. Step2. Speaking (12 minutes)We will use our textbook Page25. Let the Ss fast read the short paragraph to warm up. Ask them to talk about the report on some endangered wildlife in China with the dialogue patterns on the screen. Lastly, I will invite some groups to demonstrate their dialogues about saving wildlife in China.Step3.English play (3 minutes)Watch another video in praise of their excellent performance just now. It’s about Jack Chen’s（成龙）and Yang Ziqiong’s wildlife protection.Step4. Listening (twice 13 minutes)This time, I’ll ask the Ss to fill in the blanks of the monologue of the 2 movie stars above. Step5.Discussion (3 minutes)Which would you like to choose to wear, clothes made of cotton, artificial leather or animal skins? Why ?Step6. Summary (3 minutes)1. If there were no wildlife, there wouldn’t exist human beings. If the buying stops, the killing can, too.2. Animals are our friends. To love animals is to love ourselves. Stop hunting, killing and destroying wildlife.3. Let’s live in harmony with all the living things in the world. Step7. Music appreciation (3 minutes)Let the Ss appreciate the song Earth Song by Michael Jackson. Last but not the least, I will show you my blackboard design.
人教版高中英语必修4A taste of English Humor说课稿3篇
Then I would ask them to think of a funny English or Chinese and tell it to partners. While telling stories, they can use expressions and some acting to help make the story funny. 5 minutes would be given to do this.Those stories they told there will be the material for their writing. Soletting them tell it at first is helpful. And they can make a difference between telling a funny story and writing it down. Generally speaking, it is difficult forstudents to write well because they don’t know what to write and how to write. Asking them to tell their own stories at first can help them come up with what to write.After their telling, I would invite someone to share his/her story with all of us and I would write it down on the blackboard.This example story would be used as a sample to illustrate the format of funny story. Different from a story from teacher or textbook, a story from students can obviously become a interesting material to draw students’ attention.Then I would ask the whole class to put this story into several parts. It might be a little bit difficult for them. So I would ask them to find out whether all the sentences are necessary. After delete some sentences, there are 6 sentences left behind. Then they can easily put them into three parts. After interaction with students, I would teach them the right terms for each part and conclude the format of funny story.This step is the key and difficult point in my lesson. So I mainly usetask-based teaching method in this part and the task for students was divided into several stages. With the separated difficult level, students can find there are usually three parts in writing. They can also learn to write without the unnecessary parts in the process of analyzing. And then I wouldn’t rush to tell them the right terms to them directly. Instead, I would ask them to name them by their own. A confused mind is better for acquiring knowledge.While-writing:Then I would give students 7 minutes to write down this story, without other requirements.With all the preparations in pre-writing, students’ difficulties were cleared. So it would be much easier for them to write down the story within 7 minutes. There are no other requirements because students’ first writing is actually a drafting. It would be revise and edit several times later. Writing, as a skill
人教版高中英语必修3Canada-the true north说课稿4篇
Good afternoon, teachers, It’s my great pleasure to be here sharing my lesson with you.The content of my lesson is Senior English Book 3 Unit 5 Canada —— “The true North”.I’ll be ready to begin this lesson from five parts. Analysis of the teaching material,the teaching methods,the studying methods, the teaching procedure,and Blackboard design.First, let me talk about the teaching material.Part 1 Teaching Material:This unit is about the introduction of Canada. By studying of this unit,we’ll enable the students to learn the geography, population, main cities, and natural beauty, natural resources of Canada. Through the training of the unit, it also requires students to learn some Language skills such as the expressions of position and emotions.So it plays an important part in the English teaching in this book.After studying the teaching material and analyzing the rule of children’s growing of mind,I think the teaching aims are the followings:1.Knowledge objects:(1) make the students learn some new words and phrases(2) make the students understand the content of the lesson.2.Ability objects:(1)To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Especially reading and speaking ability.(2) learn to talk about the characters of Canada in English(3)To train the Ss’ ability of working in pairs.3.Emotion objects:(1)Enable students to understand the characters of Canada..(2)Stimulate Ss to work hard to make China stronger.Part 2 Teaching Methods:I think helping students learn to master new words and phrases and improve the students’ reading and speaking ability is import and the difficult.According to the analysis of the teaching material and the import points and the difficult points,I will use the following teaching methods : question-guiding approach; fast-reading and careful reading; multi-media teaching methods; discussion
人教版高中英语必修4Working The Land说课稿3篇
Knowledge objectives:(1) to make Ss grasp the usage of words, expressions and sentence structures: statistics, struggle, thanks to, rid of, some patterns for persuasion, the “ing” form as subject and object;(2)to use learnt knowledge to persuade sb.Ability objectives:(1) to develop Ss’ reading skills(skimming, scanning, word guessing);(2) to improve Ss’ speaking, communicating and cooperating skills.Emotional objectives:to make Ss know the contribution of Yuan,and learn his spirit and his simple life time.Teaching important and difficult points:(1) some words, expressions and sentence structures mentioned above;(2)the content of the text;(3)training their reading and speaking skills.Teaching methods: CLT, TBLT,QT.Learning strategies: CLS, QLS, TBLS.Teaching procedures:Step 1 lead-in: (1) teacher plays a piece of recent news from CCTV about the harvest of the super hybrid rice, and ask students whether they know Yuan or not, and talk about him and his contribution.(2)Brain storm: let Ss describe Yuan in their minds including his appearance, his living condition and so on.Step 2 fast reading tasks:(1)teacher introduces Yuan and super hybrid rice(2)make Ss read the text as fast as possible with questions. Such as: what’s the general ideaof this passage? What’s Yuan’ dream? (skimming and scanning skill)Step 3 intensive reading tasks(1)let Ss read the text silently, find topic sentence of each paragraph and draw the difficult sentences and the knowledge what they don’t understand.(words guessing)(2)teacher and Ss talk about the important words, expressions and sentences together, and ask Ss to retell the content of the text.(summarizing and paraphrasing)(3)teacher summarize this part.(4) read again following the courseware.
人教版高中英语必修4Theme parks说课稿3篇
The oldest and the most popular park in the worldenjoy the exciting activities thereget close to the life-size cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Step 3 Pre-reading1.What do you suppose a theme park is ?2.What do you think you can see in a theme park?(1.It is a kind of amusement park which has a certain theme – that the whole park is based on. 2.buildings, castles, statues, rare animals and birds, and so on.) Step 4 Reading ----- Theme Parks –---- Fun and More Than Fun1.Predict : Read the title and the pictures on P. 34 and PredictWhat is the meaning of the title “Theme Park – Fun and more than fun”?(The title means that theme parks are fun to visit, but that they can also be educational and can offer useful information.)2.Skimming Fast read and answer:What activities can we take in a theme park?Amusement park: Bumper car Merry-go-round slide bungee jumping Free-fall rides Horror films Pirate ship Ferris wheel roller coaster3.Scanning Read again and you will find various theme parks are mentioned in the passage . Then what are they ?Theme parks: Sports theme park History theme park Culture theme park Marine or Ocean theme Park Future park Science theme park Disneyland4.Careful reading and find the main idea of each paragraph:THEME PARKS---- entertaining/ educationalPara.1 Traditional parks are places to go for relaxation and to have time away from our busy lives.Para.2 Theme parks are different They’re large and full of things to do, see and buy.Para.3 Theme parks are built around a single idea or theme. One example is a sports park.Para.4 Another kind of theme park is historical more and cultural and can be educational.Para.5 Disneylandwas the first theme park. It is based on the fantasy life and characters of Disney’s films.Para.6 Some examples of educational theme parks include sea world parks and science parks.
人教版高中语文必修2《就任北京大学校长之演说》说课稿3篇
（三）教学重、难点1、教学重点：结合课文，了解演讲辞针对性强、条理清楚、通俗易懂、适当的感情色彩等特点。2、教学难点：深入理解文章内涵，联系现实，体会本文的现实意义二、说学情高中学生在初中阶段已经接触过演讲辞了，对演讲词的特点已经有了一些基本的知识，因此本轮的教学应该让他们在此基础上有所提高。本文是学生在高中阶段第一次接触演讲辞，有必要让他们了解演讲辞的特点及课文如何体现这些特点的。随着年龄的增长，生活阅历的增加，高中学生正逐渐形成自己对世界、对人生的看法，蔡元培先生的这篇文章能很好地激发他们对当前的高中学习和未来的大学生活进行思考。此外，学生对北大的历史及蔡元培先生作这番演讲的时代背景了解不深，应作出补充说明。
人教版新课标PEP小学英语三年级上册Recycle 1 Let’s act说课稿
小学生学习的主动性，大多取决于兴趣，他们充满好奇，对显而易见的实物和直观信息敏感性强、接受快。借助多媒体计算机CAI辅助教学，把所学内容更加直观地表现出来。4．游戏式复习热身，体现课堂教学开放性利用做游戏的形式进行旧知识的复习，既消除了上课初老师和学生之间的陌生感，又激发了学生学习兴趣，同时又对前面所学内容进行了巩固。5．综合运用“愉快教学”、“情境教学”、“合作学习”等多种教学方法，降低学习难度，活跃课堂气氛。6.展开活动式教学，设计各种形式为教学服务的活动，让学生在学中乐，在乐中学，不断强化知识的巩固记忆。7．设置评比台，及时评价小组及个人表现，鼓励学生积极参与学习活动。四、说教学流程1．拍手游戏热身2．师生问好，交流，对第一页内容复习3．引入第二页内容，学习新单词、句型4．趣味操练
人教版新课标PEP小学英语六年级上册How do you go there说课稿
一、 说教材今天我说课的内容是人教版六年级上册 How do you go there ?B部分Let’s talk 它是在A部分句型How do you go to school ?的基础上学习的，我采用多样化的教学手段将听、说、玩溶于一体，激发学生学习英语的兴趣和愿望，使学生通过合作学习体验荣誉感和成就感，从而树立自信心，发展自主学习的能力，形成初步用英语进行简单日常交际的能力。二、说 教学目标1、能够听懂、会说并能书写句型：How can l get to zhongshan park ? you can go by the no15 bus.能够在情境中正确运用。2、能够在对话中正确使用礼貌用语，比如：Excuse me .Thank you . you are welcome .等。三、说教学重难点 1、重点是掌握四会句子2、难点是学生能够在实际情境中恰当的表达使用某一交通工具到达某一目的地。 四、课前准备 1、教师准备录音机和本课时的录音机2、教师准备一张简易地图，能够呈现本校附近的一些建筑物。