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《c小调练习曲》教案
弗雷德里克·弗朗索瓦·肖邦（1810年3月1日－1849年10月17日）。波兰作曲家和钢琴家，1810年3月1日生于华沙近郊，肖邦父亲是法国人，母亲是波兰人，7岁时就创作了波兰舞曲，8岁登台演出，不足20岁已出名。肖邦39岁时英年早逝，后半生主要生活在法国，创作了大量钢琴作品，7岁时就创作了《波兰舞曲》，被誉为“钢琴诗人”。他是历史上最具影响力和最受欢迎的钢琴作曲家之一，是波兰音乐史上最重要的人物之一，是欧洲19世纪浪漫主义音乐的代表人物。肖邦一生不离钢琴，所有创作几乎都是钢琴曲。2010年为肖邦诞辰200周年，被波兰命名为“肖邦年”。
人教A版高中数学必修一诱导公式教学设计（1）
一、复习回顾，温故知新1. 任意角三角函数的定义【答案】设角 它的终边与单位圆交于点 。那么（1） （2） 2.诱导公式一 ，其中， 。终边相同的角的同一三角函数值相等二、探索新知思考1：（1）.终边相同的角的同一三角函数值有什么关系?【答案】相等（2）.角 -α与α的终边 有何位置关系?【答案】终边关于x轴对称（3）.角 与α的终边 有何位置关系?【答案】终边关于y轴对称（4）.角 与α的终边 有何位置关系?【答案】终边关于原点对称思考2： 已知任意角α的终边与单位圆相交于点P(x, y),请同学们思考回答点P关于原点、x轴、y轴对称的三个点的坐标是什么?【答案】点P(x, y)关于原点对称点P1(-x, -y)点P(x, y)关于x轴对称点P2(x, -y) 点P(x, y)关于y轴对称点P3(-x, y)
人教A版高中数学必修一任意角教学设计（1）
本节课选自《普通高中课程标准数学教科书-必修一》（人 教A版）第五章《三角函数》，本节课是第1课时，本节主要介绍推广角的概念,引入正角、负角、零角的定义，象限角的概念以及终边相同的角的表示法。树立运动变化的观点,并由此进一步理解推广后的角的概念。教学方法可以选用讨论法,通过实际问题，如时针与分针、体操等等都能形成角的流念,给学生以直观的印象,形成正角、负角、零角的概念,明确规定角的概念，通过具体问题让学生从不同角度理解终边相同的角,从特殊到一般归纳出终边相同的角的表示方法。A.了解任意角的概念；B.掌握正角、负角、零角及象限角的定义，理解任意角的概念；C.掌握终边相同的角的表示方法；D.会判断角所在的象限。 1.数学抽象：角的概念；2.逻辑推理：象限角的表示；3.数学运算：判断角所在象限；4.直观想象：从特殊到一般的数学思想方法；
统编版三年级语文上第25课灰雀教学设计教案
《秋天的雨》是统编版教材三年级语文上册第八单元的一篇精读课文，课文讲述了列宁、灰雀和一个孩子之间的故事。这个故事表达了列宁善解人意，对男孩的敬重、保护以及男孩的老实和天真。通过语言和行动来揭示人物的内心世界，展现事件的开展进程，是本篇课文在表达上的主要特点。在学习时，可以对话为重点，研读课文，通过阅读人物对话，揣摩体会人物不同的心情，感受列宁爱鸟更爱孩子的情感，懂得知错就改是诚实的表现，同时产生保护鸟类等动物的环保意识。 1.会认“宁、胸”等10个生字，会写“郊、养”等13个生字。2.分角色朗读课文，读出对话的语气。3.带着问题，边默读边推敲人物的内心想法，体会列宁对男孩的尊重和呵护、男孩的诚实与天真。4.体会列宁的善解人意、循循善诱和对儿童的爱护，懂得做错事情应该改正的道理，同时教育学生要爱护动物。 1.教学重点：通过朗读对话体会列宁、小男孩心理变化的过程。2.教学难点：能带着问题，边默读边揣摩人物内心的想法。能体会列宁对男孩的尊重与呵护、男孩的诚实与天真。 2课时
抛物线及其标准方程教学设计人教A版高中数学选择性必修第一册
本节课选自《2019人教A版高中数学选择性必修第一册》第二章《直线和圆的方程》，本节课主要学习抛物线及其标准方程在经历了椭圆和双曲线的学习后再学习抛物线，是在学生原有认知的基础上从几何与代数两 个角度去认识抛物线.教材在抛物线的定义这个内容的安排上是：先从直观上认识抛物线，再从画法中提炼出抛物线的几何特征，由此抽象概括出抛物线的定义，最后是抛物线定义的简单应用.这样的安排不仅体现出《课程标准》中要求通过丰富的实例展开教学的理念，而且符合学生从具体到抽象的认知规律，有利于学生对概念的学习和理解.坐标法的教学贯穿了整个“圆锥曲线方程”一章，是学生应重点掌握的基本数学方法 运动变化和对立统一的思想观点在这节知识中得到了突出体现，我们必须充分利用好这部分教材进行教学
双曲线及其标准方程教学设计人教A版高中数学选择性必修第一册
∵在△EFP中,|EF|=2c,EF上的高为点P的纵坐标,∴S△EFP=4/3c2=12,∴c=3,即P点坐标为(5,4).由两点间的距离公式|PE|=√("(" 5+3")" ^2+4^2 )=4√5,|PF|=√("(" 5"-" 3")" ^2+4^2 )=2√5,∴a=√5.又b2=c2-a2=4,故所求双曲线的方程为x^2/5-y^2/4=1.5.求适合下列条件的双曲线的标准方程.(1)两个焦点的坐标分别是(-5,0),(5,0),双曲线上的点与两焦点的距离之差的绝对值等于8;(2)以椭圆x^2/8+y^2/5=1长轴的端点为焦点,且经过点(3,√10);(3)a=b,经过点(3,-1).解:(1)由双曲线的定义知,2a=8,所以a=4,又知焦点在x轴上,且c=5,所以b2=c2-a2=25-16=9,所以双曲线的标准方程为x^2/16-y^2/9=1.(2)由题意得,双曲线的焦点在x轴上,且c=2√2.设双曲线的标准方程为x^2/a^2 -y^2/b^2 =1(a>0,b>0),则有a2+b2=c2=8,9/a^2 -10/b^2 =1,解得a2=3,b2=5.故所求双曲线的标准方程为x^2/3-y^2/5=1.(3)当焦点在x轴上时,可设双曲线方程为x2-y2=a2,将点(3,-1)代入,得32-(-1)2=a2,所以a2=b2=8.因此,所求的双曲线的标准方程为x^2/8-y^2/8=1.当焦点在y轴上时,可设双曲线方程为y2-x2=a2,将点(3,-1)代入,得(-1)2-32=a2,a2=-8,不可能,所以焦点不可能在y轴上.综上,所求双曲线的标准方程为x^2/8-y^2/8=1.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and celebrations-Discovering Useful Structure教学设计
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案：1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语，它通常位于系动词后面，用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案：1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教学设计
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Reading for writing教学设计二
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Discovering useful structures教学设计
The grammatical structure of this unit is predicative clause. Like object clause and subject clause, predicative clause is one of Nominal Clauses. The leading words of predicative clauses are that, what, how, what, where, as if, because, etc.The design of teaching activities aims to guide students to perceive the structural features of predicative clauses and think about their ideographic functions. Beyond that, students should be guided to use this grammar in the context apporpriately and flexibly.1. Enable the Ss to master the usage of the predicative clauses in this unit.2. Enable the Ss to use the predicative patterns flexibly.3. Train the Ss to apply some skills by doing the relevant exercises.1.Guide students to perceive the structural features of predicative clauses and think about their ideographic functions.2.Strengthen students' ability of using predicative clauses in context, but also cultivate their ability of text analysis and logical reasoning competence.Step1: Underline all the examples in the reading passage, where noun clauses are used as the predicative. Then state their meaning and functions.1) One theory was that bad air caused the disease.2) Another theory was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.3) The truth was that the water from the Broad Street had been infected by waste.Sum up the rules of grammar:1. 以上黑体部分在句中作表语。2. 句1、2、3中的that在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。 Step2: Review the basic components of predicative clauses1.Definition
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Learning about Language教学设计
Step 7: complete the discourse according to the grammar rules.Cholera used to be one of the most 1.__________ (fear) diseases in the world. In the early 19th century, _2_________ an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died. But neither its cause, 3__________ its cure was understood. A British doctor, John Snow, wanted to solve the problem and he knew that cholera would not be controlled _4_________ its cause was found. In general, there were two contradictory theories 5 __________ explained how cholera spread. The first suggested that bad air caused the disease. The second was that cholera was caused by an _6_________(infect) from germs in food or water. John Snow thought that the second theory was correct but he needed proof. So when another outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, he began to investigate. Later, with all the evidence he _7_________ (gather), John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Therefore, he had the handle of the pump _8_________ (remove) so that it couldn't be used. Through his intervention，the disease was stopped in its tracks. What is more, John Snow found that some companies sold water from the River Thames that __9__________________ (pollute) by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely _10_________ (get) cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through John Snow's efforts, the _11_________ (threaten) of cholera around the world saw a substantial increase. Keys： 1.feared 2.when 3. nor 4.unless 5.that/which 6.infection 7.had gathered 8.removed 9.was polluted 10.to get 11. threat
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Reading and thinking教学设计
Step 5： After learning the text, discuss with your peers about the following questions:1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.keys:1. John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2. No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3. SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.Step 6: Consolidate what you have learned by filling in the blanks:John Snow was a well-known _1___ in London in the _2__ century. He wanted to find the _3_____ of cholera in order to help people ___4_____ it. In 1854 when a cholera __5__ London, he began to gather information. He ___6__ on a map ___7___ all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had ___8____ (drink) the dirty water from the __9____ died. So he decided that the polluted water ___10____ cholera. He suggested that the ___11__ of all water supplies should be _12______ and new methods of dealing with ____13___ water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was __14_____.Keys: 1. doctor 2. 19th 3.cause 4.infected with 5.hit 6.marked 7.where 8.drunk 9.pump 10.carried 11.source 12.examined 13.polluted 14.defeatedHomework: Retell the text after class and preview its language points
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Reading and Thinking教学设计
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Using langauge教学设计
This happens because the dish soap molecules have a strong negative charge, and the milk molecules have a strong positive charge. Like magnets, these molecules are attracted to each other, and so they appear to move around on the plate, taking the food coloring with them, making it look like the colors are quickly moving to escape from the soap.Listening text:? Judy: Oh, I'm so sorry that you were ill and couldn't come with us on our field trip. How are you feeling now? Better?? Bill: Much better, thanks. But how was it?? Judy: Wonderful! I especially liked an area of the museum called Light Games.it was really cool. They had a hall of mirrors where I could see myself reflected thousands of times!? Bill: A hall of mirrors can be a lot of fun. What else did they have?? Judy: Well, they had an experiment where we looked at a blue screen for a while, and then suddenly we could see tiny bright lights moving around on it. You'll never guess what those bright lights were!? Bill: Come on, tell me!? Judy: They were our own blood cells. For some reason, our eyes play tricks on us when we look at a blue screen, and we can see our own blood cells moving around like little lights! But there was another thing I liked better. I stood in front of a white light, and it cast different shadows of me in every color of the rainbow!? Bill: Oh, I wish I had been there. Tell me more!? Judy: Well, they had another area for sound. They had a giant piano keyboard that you could use your feet to play. But then, instead of playing the sounds of a piano, it played the voices of classical singers! Then they had a giant dish, and when you spoke into it, it reflected the sound back and made it louder. You could use it to speak in a whisper to someone 17 meters away.? Bill: It all sounds so cool. I wish I could have gone with you? Judy: I know, but we can go together this weekend. I'd love to go there again!? Bill: That sounds like a great idea!
人教版高中政治必修1第十一课 经济全球化与对外开放教案
材料说明了什么？探究二：材料分析：2005年12月13日至18日，WTO第六次部长级会议在香港召开。会议经过谈判通过了《部长宣言》，规定发达成员和部分发展中成员2008年前向最不发达国家所有产品提供免关税、免配额的市场准入；发达成员2006年取消棉花的出口补贴， 2013年年底前取消所有形式农产品出口补贴。材料体现了世界贸易组织在国际经济贸易领域中发挥哪些作用？探究三：P97：A、这些图示，反映出我国利用外资哪些特点？。B、能为我国提高外资利用水平提出些建议吗？探究四：材料展示：我国是人口众多的发展中大国，全国居民每天消费总额达到37亿元。每天消费粮食75万吨，相当于一个县级商品粮基地的全年产量；每天消耗猪肉6万吨，食油1万吨，糖1.6万吨，鲜蛋1.8万吨。每天购买杂志600多万册，报纸5000多万份，需要400量中型载货汽车才能装载。
人教部编版七年级下册一棵小桃树教案
第三部分（第3—8段）：写小桃树艰难曲折的生长过程。第四部分（第9—14段）：回到眼前情景，生动地描写小桃树在风雨中的挣扎。3.理清小桃树的生长过程。师：作者写小桃树时，将眼前之景与回忆交叉叙写。请同学们按照时间顺序，理清小桃树的生长过程。预设 小桃树的生长过程：桃核被埋在院子角落里（“我”将它忘却）—萌芽(嫩绿)—长到二尺来高（样子极猥琐）—有院墙高了(被猪拱，讨人嫌，被遗忘，奶奶照顾)—开花(弱小，遭大雨，没有蜂蝶恋过，花零落，在雨中挣扎)—高高的一枝儿上保留着一个欲绽的花苞（在风雨中摇着愣是没掉下去，像风浪里航道上的指示灯）。师小结：小桃树的经历充满磨难：在几乎被“我”忘却的时候却破土而出；出生后瘦弱可怜，遭到大家的嘲笑，连奶奶也说它没出息；它被猪拱过，又险些被砍掉；它第一次开花就遭到风雨的摧残。但是，它一直顽强地生长，勇敢地与风雨搏斗，努力地绽放。本环节旨在运用圈点批注法理解作者对小桃树的情感。既能培养学生品析语言的能力，又能在把握小桃树意象的基础上准确体会作者的情感。
部编人教版四年级下册《小英雄雨来》创新教案
（二）提问：夜校的学习条件怎样？雨来在夜校里受到什么教育？默读第二段。指导朗读：“我们是中国人，我们爱自己的祖国。”“我们——是——中国人，我们——爱——自己的——祖国。”讨论段意和小标题。（段意：雨来上夜校，受到爱国主义教育。）（小标题：“雨来上夜校。”）（三）学习第三段。默读课文，提问：这段主要说了几层意思？学生默读课文，小组交流，展示如下：（两层意思：第一层从“有一天”至“只从街上传来一两声狗叫”，主要写鬼子开始扫荡了；第二层从“第二天”至这段结束，主要写雨来为掩护交通员李大叔，被鬼子捆绑起来了。）指导朗读第二层。重点朗读：“他抬头一看，是李大叔。”“咦！这是什么时候挖的洞呢？”“把缸搬回原地方。你就快到别的院里去，对谁也不许说。”讨论段意和小标题。段意：（雨来为掩护交通员李大叔，被鬼子捆绑起来了。）（小标题：“雨来掩护李大叔”。）
初中数学人教版二元一次方程组教学设计教案
（一）例题引入篮球联赛中，每场比赛都要分出胜负，每队胜1场得2分，负1场得1分。某队在10场比赛中得到16分，那么这个队胜负场数分别是多少？方法一：（利用之前的知识，学生自己列出并求解）解：设剩X场，则负（10－X)场。方程：2X+(10－X)=16方法二：（老师带领学生一起列出方程组）解：设胜X场，负Y场。根据：胜的场数+负的场数=总场数 胜场积分+负场积分=总积分得到：X+Y=10 2X+Y=16
精编大学生参加政治理论学习个人心得报告合集
师德是教师人格的重要组成部分，而师德中爱与责任则是师德的灵魂。我们的爱，首先是要爱岗敬业。所谓爱岗敬业就是人们对所从事的职业的一种虔诚、一种执着、一种深情的眷恋，从而进行孜孜不倦的工作。优秀教师无不把教育事业看作是自己的生命。也许正是以这种爱与责任为出发点，他们才能不停地教育自己，完善自己，才能更靠近学生。 我们的的爱，其次是要爱学生。师爱应该是一种真正纯洁的爱，是只讲付出不计回报的爱。师爱应该是一种平等的爱，是无私广泛没有血缘的爱。师爱的基础是平等以感情赢得感情，以心灵去感受他们的感受。师爱应该是一种公正公平的爱，是惠及全体而没有差异的爱。对每一个学生教师应公平、公正，经常与学生谈心，使他们感到老师在意、关心他们。但是关爱是有条件的，有限制的，教师要做到爱而有度，爱而有格。
一年级朗文教材下册1B Chapter 1 B
l 通过学习该单元的内容，学会正确读出小动物的单词及其复数形式。如：dog(s ), cat(s), bird(s), rabbit(s), hamster(s), turtle(s);l 掌握基本句型： What are these ? They are .... What are those ? They are ....l 学会用英语来描述自己喜欢的宠物。l 培养学生仔细观察图片，获取关键信息的能力；l 培养辩证思维及策划、合作和交流的能力。l 激发学习英语的兴趣，同时培养积极参与、乐于合作、大方交流的情感态度。
