The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
苏联文学的沿革,既反映了苏联社会的伟大思想性变革,又反映了苏联文坛活跃与混乱并存的局面,特别是其所具有强烈的意识形态色彩是苏联社会深层次变化的风向标。(2)20世纪的亚、非、拉美文学20世纪亚、非、拉美文学的繁荣伴随着民族民主运动的高涨,其主流都体现了反对殖民压迫、反对社会不公的爱国主义精神。出现了许多颇有影响的作家和作品。泰戈尔是印度近现代文学的光辉代表,为印度现代民族主义奠定了基础。其代表作《戈拉》塑造了爱国的印度民族主义知识分子形象。泰戈尔是首位获诺贝尔文学奖的东方作家。鲁迅是中国文学革命的巨匠,他的《呐喊》集,昭示着中国新文学时代的到来。哥伦比亚作家马尔克斯的《百年孤独》,描绘加勒比海沿岸小城百年孤独的原因及打破这种状态的途径。
1. Ss look at the picture and scan the passage to understand the main idea while teacher is giving the following questions to inspire Ss to think.*Where are those people?*What are they doing?*Why are they so excited?2. Ss complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form. Then discuss and check the answers with class.Answers: boring, interesting, taking, exciting, amazing3. The teacher raises questions for the students to discuss and encourages them to express their opinions.*Do you like La Tomatina? Why or why not?4. Each group representative reports the discussion result, the teacher gives feedback and the evaluation.Step 6 PracticeActivity 41. Ss complete the Ex 2 in Using structures.2. Check the answers after finishing the exercises.①The dragon boat races are the most exciting part of the Dragon Boat Festival.② The children were excited to go Easter egg hunting.③What an amazing performance! This is the best music festival I have ever been to.④We were amazed by her funny-looking hat.⑤His inspiring speech at the conference won the admiration/ favour of the audience.⑥This is a challenging game to test your memory and observation capabilities. 3. T asks Ss to finish Ex 3 and 4 in Using structures by themselves, then check the answers with class.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握动词-ing形式作定语和表语的功能和意义;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否在理解文段内容的基础上,根据上下文语境和表达逻辑,能正确运用动词-ing形式描述节日庆典。3、通过本节内容学习,学生是否归纳和积累用于表达情绪的相关词汇。
本板块的活动主题是“谈论节日活动”(Talk about festival activities),主要是从贴近学生日常生活的角度来切入“节日”主题。学生会听到发生在三个国家不同节日场景下的简短对话,对话中的人们正在参与或将要亲历不同的庆祝活动。随着全球化的进程加速,国际交流日益频繁,无论是国人走出国门还是外国友人访问中国,都已成为司空见惯的事情。因此,该板块所选取的三个典型节日场景都是属于跨文化交际语境,不仅每组对话中的人物来自不同的文化背景,对话者的身份和关系也不尽相同。1. Master the new words related to holiday: the lantern, Carnival, costume, dress(sb)up, march, congratulation, congratulate, riddle, ceremony, samba, make - up, after all. 2. To understand the origin of major world festivals and the activities held to celebrate them and the significance of these activities;3. Improve listening comprehension and oral expression of the topic by listening and talking about traditional festivals around the world;4. Improve my understanding of the topic by watching pictures and videos about different traditional festivals around the world;5. Review the common assimilation phenomenon in English phonetics, can distinguish the assimilated phonemes in the natural language flow, and consciously use the assimilation skill in oral expression. Importance:1. Guide students to pay attention to the attitude of the speaker in the process of listening, and identify the relationship between the characters;2. Inspire students to use topic words to describe the festival activities based on their background knowledge. Difficulties:In the process of listening to the correct understanding of the speaker's attitude, accurately identify the relationship between the characters.
*wide range of origins(= a great number of different origins, many kinds of origins)*It featured a parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports. (=A parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports were included as important parts of the Egyptian harvest festival.)*.. some traditions may fade away and others may be established.(= Some traditions may disappear gradually, while other new traditions may come into being.)Step 6 Practice(1) Listen and follow the tape.The teacher may remind the students to pay attention to the meaning and usage of the black words in the context, so as to prepare for the completion of the blanks in activity 5 and vocabulary exercises in the exercise book.(2) Students complete the text of activity 5 by themselves.The teacher needs to remind the students to fill in the blanks with the correct form of the vocabulary they have learned in the text.Students exchange their answers with their partners, and then teachers and students check their answers.(3)Finish the Ex in Activity 5 of students’ book.Step 7 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Discuss the origin of festivals, the historical changes of related customs, the influence of commercial society on festivals and the connotation and essential meaning of festivals.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否结合文本特点快速而准确地找到主题句;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否理清论说文的语篇结构和文本逻辑,了解节日风俗发展与变迁,感悟节日的内涵与意义。
The price is the same as(the price was)before the war.价格与战前相同。(4)定语从句中的“关系代词+助动词be”可以省略。The ticket(that/which was)booked by his sister has been sent to him.他妹妹订的那张票已送到了他那里。Step 5 PracticeActivity 3(1) Guide students to complete the four activities in the Using Structures part of exercise book, in which activities 1 and 2 focus on ellipsis in dialogue answers, activity 3 focus on signs and headlines, two typical situations where ellipsis is used, and activity 4 focus on ellipsis in diary, an informal style.(2) Combine the examples in the above activities, ask students to summarize the omitted situations in groups, and make their own summary into a poster, and post it on the class wall after class to share with the class.(This step should give full play to the subjectivity of students, and teachers should encourage students to conclude different ellipsis phenomena according to their own understanding, they can conclude according to the different parts omitted in the sentence.)Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the usages of ellipsis;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures of Workbook.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握省略的用法;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否根据上下文语境或情景恢复句子中省略的成分,体会使用省略的效果;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否独立完成练习册和导学案中的相关练习。
(2)Consolidate key vocabulary.Ask the students to complete the exercises of activity 6 by themselves. Then ask them to check the answers with their partners.(The first language:Damage of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.A second language: Yunnan - one of the most diverse provinces in China).Step 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the more words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences.2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes.3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better.Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否结合文本特点了解文章的结构和作者的写作逻辑;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否了解旧金山的城市风貌、文化特色,以及加利福尼亚州的历史,体会多元文化对美国的影响。
Activity 81.Grasp the main idea of the listening.Listen to the tape and answer the following questions:Who are the two speakers in the listening? What is their relationship?What is the main idea of the first part of the listening? How about the second part?2.Complete the passage.Ask the students to quickly review the summaries of the two listening materials in activity 2. Then play the recording for the second time.Ask them to complete the passage and fill in the blanks.3.Play the recording again and ask the students to use the structure diagram to comb the information structure in the listening.(While listening, take notes. Capture key information quickly and accurately.)Step 8 Talking Activity 91.Focus on the listening text.Listen to the students and listen to the tape. Let them understand the attitudes of Wu Yue and Justin in the conversation.How does Wu Yue feel about Chinese minority cultures?What does Justin think of the Miao and Dong cultures?How do you know that?2.learn functional items that express concerns.Ask students to focus on the expressions listed in activity. 3.And try to analyze the meaning they convey, including praise (Super!).Agree (Exactly!)"(You're kidding.!)Tell me more about it. Tell me more about it.For example, "Yeah Sure." "Definitely!" "Certainly!" "No kidding!" "No wonder!" and so on.4.Ask the students to have conversations in small groups, acting as Jsim and his friends.Justin shares his travels in Guizhou with friends and his thoughts;Justin's friends should give appropriate feedback, express their interest in relevant information, and ask for information when necessary.In order to enrich the dialogue, teachers can expand and supplement the introduction of Miao, dong, Lusheng and Dong Dage.After the group practice, the teacher can choose several groups of students to show, and let the rest of the students listen carefully, after listening to the best performance of the group, and give at least two reasons.
活动目标: 1、通过儿歌学习把毛巾打开,把脸上的部位都洗到的正确方法,把耳朵、脖子两个部位也洗到。2、提高幼儿自我服务意识和能力,愿意做力所能及的事。 活动准备:小兔、小象玩具、儿歌、自编故事 活动过程: 一、出示手偶,引起幼儿兴趣 看,谁来啦?向小兔、小象问好 二、通过故事进行活动1、讲故事(一) (1)提问:a怎样把脸洗干净?大家讨论b我们要做好什么准备工作?
∵在△EFP中,|EF|=2c,EF上的高为点P的纵坐标,∴S△EFP=4/3c2=12,∴c=3,即P点坐标为(5,4).由两点间的距离公式|PE|=√("(" 5+3")" ^2+4^2 )=4√5,|PF|=√("(" 5"-" 3")" ^2+4^2 )=2√5,∴a=√5.又b2=c2-a2=4,故所求双曲线的方程为x^2/5-y^2/4=1.5.求适合下列条件的双曲线的标准方程.(1)两个焦点的坐标分别是(-5,0),(5,0),双曲线上的点与两焦点的距离之差的绝对值等于8;(2)以椭圆x^2/8+y^2/5=1长轴的端点为焦点,且经过点(3,√10);(3)a=b,经过点(3,-1).解:(1)由双曲线的定义知,2a=8,所以a=4,又知焦点在x轴上,且c=5,所以b2=c2-a2=25-16=9,所以双曲线的标准方程为x^2/16-y^2/9=1.(2)由题意得,双曲线的焦点在x轴上,且c=2√2.设双曲线的标准方程为x^2/a^2 -y^2/b^2 =1(a>0,b>0),则有a2+b2=c2=8,9/a^2 -10/b^2 =1,解得a2=3,b2=5.故所求双曲线的标准方程为x^2/3-y^2/5=1.(3)当焦点在x轴上时,可设双曲线方程为x2-y2=a2,将点(3,-1)代入,得32-(-1)2=a2,所以a2=b2=8.因此,所求的双曲线的标准方程为x^2/8-y^2/8=1.当焦点在y轴上时,可设双曲线方程为y2-x2=a2,将点(3,-1)代入,得(-1)2-32=a2,a2=-8,不可能,所以焦点不可能在y轴上.综上,所求双曲线的标准方程为x^2/8-y^2/8=1.
一、情境导学我国著名数学家吴文俊先生在《数学教育现代化问题》中指出:“数学研究数量关系与空间形式,简单讲就是形与数,欧几里得几何体系的特点是排除了数量关系,对于研究空间形式,你要真正的‘腾飞’,不通过数量关系,我想不出有什么好的办法…….”吴文俊先生明确地指出中学几何的“腾飞”是“数量化”,也就是坐标系的引入,使得几何问题“代数化”,为了使得空间几何“代数化”,我们引入了坐标及其运算.二、探究新知一、空间直角坐标系与坐标表示1.空间直角坐标系在空间选定一点O和一个单位正交基底{i,j,k},以点O为原点,分别以i,j,k的方向为正方向、以它们的长为单位长度建立三条数轴:x轴、y轴、z轴,它们都叫做坐标轴.这时我们就建立了一个空间直角坐标系Oxyz,O叫做原点,i,j,k都叫做坐标向量,通过每两个坐标轴的平面叫做坐标平面,分别称为Oxy平面,Oyz平面,Ozx平面.
本节课选自《2019人教A版高中数学选择性必修第一册》第二章《直线和圆的方程》,本节课主要学习抛物线及其标准方程在经历了椭圆和双曲线的学习后再学习抛物线,是在学生原有认知的基础上从几何与代数两 个角度去认识抛物线.教材在抛物线的定义这个内容的安排上是:先从直观上认识抛物线,再从画法中提炼出抛物线的几何特征,由此抽象概括出抛物线的定义,最后是抛物线定义的简单应用.这样的安排不仅体现出《课程标准》中要求通过丰富的实例展开教学的理念,而且符合学生从具体到抽象的认知规律,有利于学生对概念的学习和理解.坐标法的教学贯穿了整个“圆锥曲线方程”一章,是学生应重点掌握的基本数学方法 运动变化和对立统一的思想观点在这节知识中得到了突出体现,我们必须充分利用好这部分教材进行教学
二、直线与抛物线的位置关系设直线l:y=kx+m,抛物线:y2=2px(p>0),将直线方程与抛物线方程联立整理成关于x的方程k2x2+2(km-p)x+m2=0.(1)若k≠0,当Δ>0时,直线与抛物线相交,有两个交点;当Δ=0时,直线与抛物线相切,有一个切点;当Δ<0时,直线与抛物线相离,没有公共点.(2)若k=0,直线与抛物线有一个交点,此时直线平行于抛物线的对称轴或与对称轴重合.因此直线与抛物线有一个公共点是直线与抛物线相切的必要不充分条件.二、典例解析例5.过抛物线焦点F的直线交抛物线于A、B两点,通过点A和抛物线顶点的直线交抛物线的准线于点D,求证:直线DB平行于抛物线的对称轴.【分析】设抛物线的标准方程为:y2=2px(p>0).设A(x1,y1),B(x2,y2).直线OA的方程为: = = ,可得yD= .设直线AB的方程为:my=x﹣ ,与抛物线的方程联立化为y2﹣2pm﹣p2=0,
二、典例解析例4.如图,双曲线型冷却塔的外形,是双曲线的一部分,已知塔的总高度为137.5m,塔顶直径为90m,塔的最小直径(喉部直径)为60m,喉部标高112.5m,试建立适当的坐标系,求出此双曲线的标准方程(精确到1m)解:设双曲线的标准方程为 ,如图所示:为喉部直径,故 ,故双曲线方程为 .而 的横坐标为塔顶直径的一半即 ,其纵坐标为塔的总高度与喉部标高的差即 ,故 ,故 ,所以 ,故双曲线方程为 .例5.已知点 到定点 的距离和它到定直线l: 的距离的比是 ,则点 的轨迹方程为?解:设点 ,由题知, ,即 .整理得: .请你将例5与椭圆一节中的例6比较,你有什么发现?例6、 过双曲线 的右焦点F2,倾斜角为30度的直线交双曲线于A,B两点,求|AB|.分析:求弦长问题有两种方法:法一:如果交点坐标易求,可直接用两点间距离公式代入求弦长;法二:但有时为了简化计算,常设而不求,运用韦达定理来处理.解:由双曲线的方程得,两焦点分别为F1(-3,0),F2(3,0).因为直线AB的倾斜角是30°,且直线经过右焦点F2,所以,直线AB的方程为
二、典例解析例5. 如图,一种电影放映灯的反射镜面是旋转椭圆面(椭圆绕其对称轴旋转一周形成的曲面)的一部分。过对称轴的截口 ABC是椭圆的一部分,灯丝位于椭圆的一个焦点F_1上,片门位另一个焦点F_2上,由椭圆一个焦点F_1 发出的光线,经过旋转椭圆面反射后集中到另一个椭圆焦点F_2,已知 〖BC⊥F_1 F〗_2,|F_1 B|=2.8cm, |F_1 F_2 |=4.5cm,试建立适当的平面直角坐标系,求截口ABC所在的椭圆方程(精确到0.1cm)典例解析解:建立如图所示的平面直角坐标系,设所求椭圆方程为x^2/a^2 +y^2/b^2 =1 (a>b>0) 在Rt ΔBF_1 F_2中,|F_2 B|= √(|F_1 B|^2+|F_1 F_2 |^2 )=√(〖2.8〗^2 〖+4.5〗^2 ) 有椭圆的性质 , |F_1 B|+|F_2 B|=2 a, 所以a=1/2(|F_1 B|+|F_2 B|)=1/2(2.8+√(〖2.8〗^2 〖+4.5〗^2 )) ≈4.1b= √(a^2 〖-c〗^2 ) ≈3.4所以所求椭圆方程为x^2/〖4.1〗^2 +y^2/〖3.4〗^2 =1 利用椭圆的几何性质求标准方程的思路1.利用椭圆的几何性质求椭圆的标准方程时,通常采用待定系数法,其步骤是:(1)确定焦点位置;(2)设出相应椭圆的标准方程(对于焦点位置不确定的椭圆可能有两种标准方程);(3)根据已知条件构造关于参数的关系式,利用方程(组)求参数,列方程(组)时常用的关系式有b2=a2-c2等.
跟踪训练1在正方体ABCD-A1B1C1D1中,E为AC的中点.求证:(1)BD1⊥AC;(2)BD1⊥EB1.(2)∵(BD_1 ) ?=(-1,-1,1),(EB_1 ) ?=(1/2 "," 1/2 "," 1),∴(BD_1 ) ?·(EB_1 ) ?=(-1)×1/2+(-1)×1/2+1×1=0,∴(BD_1 ) ?⊥(EB_1 ) ?,∴BD1⊥EB1.证明:以D为原点,DA,DC,DD1所在直线分别为x轴、y轴、z轴,建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系.设正方体的棱长为1,则B(1,1,0),D1(0,0,1),A(1,0,0),C(0,1,0),E(1/2 "," 1/2 "," 0),B1(1,1,1).(1)∵(BD_1 ) ?=(-1,-1,1),(AC) ?=(-1,1,0),∴(BD_1 ) ?·(AC) ?=(-1)×(-1)+(-1)×1+1×0=0.∴(BD_1 ) ?⊥(AC) ?,∴BD1⊥AC.例2在棱长为1的正方体ABCD-A1B1C1D1中,E,F,M分别为棱AB,BC,B1B的中点.求证:D1M⊥平面EFB1.思路分析一种思路是不建系,利用基向量法证明(D_1 M) ?与平面EFB1内的两个不共线向量都垂直,从而根据线面垂直的判定定理证得结论;另一种思路是建立空间直角坐标系,通过坐标运算证明(D_1 M) ?与平面EFB1内的两个不共线向量都垂直;还可以在建系的前提下,求得平面EFB1的法向量,然后说明(D_1 M) ?与法向量共线,从而证得结论.证明:(方法1)因为E,F,M分别为棱AB,BC,B1B的中点,所以(D_1 M) ?=(D_1 B_1 ) ?+(B_1 M) ?=(DA) ?+(DC) ?+1/2 (B_1 B) ?,而(B_1 E) ?=(B_1 B) ?+(BE) ?=(B_1 B) ?-1/2 (DC) ?,于是(D_1 M) ?·(B_1 E) ?=((DA) ?+(DC) ?+1/2 (B_1 B) ?)·((B_1 B) ?-1/2 (DC) ?)=0-0+0-1/2+1/2-1/4×0=0,因此(D_1 M) ?⊥(B_1 E) ?.同理(D_1 M) ?⊥(B_1 F) ?,又因为(B_1 E) ?,(B_1 F) ?不共线,因此D1M⊥平面EFB1.
一、教材分析第四单元“发展社会主义市场经济”旨在培养社会主义的建设者,高中生是未来社会主义现代化建设的主力军,是将来参与市场经济活动的主要角色,承担着全面建设小康社会的重任,本课的逻辑分为两目:第一目,从“总体小康到全面小康”。这一部分的逻辑结构如下:首先讴歌我国人民的生活水平达到总体小康这一伟大成就,然后从微观和宏观两个方面介绍总体小康的成就。同时指出,我国现在达到的小康是低水平、不全面、发展不平衡的小康。第二目“经济建设的新要求”。这一目专门介绍全面建设小康社会的经济目标,也是学生要重点把握的内容。二、教学目标(一)知识目标(1)识记总体小康的建设成就在宏观和微观上的表现,全面建设小康社会的经济建设目标。(2)理解低水平、不全面、发展很不平衡的小康,以及小康社会建设进程是不平衡的发展过程。(3)运用所学知识,初步分析全面建设小康社会的意义。
《函数的单调性与最大(小)值》是高中数学新教材第一册第三章第2节的内容。在此之前,学生已学习了函数的概念、定义域、值域及表示法,这为过渡到本节的学习起着铺垫作用。学生在初中已经学习了一次函数、二次函数、反比例函数的图象,在此基础上学生对增减性有一个初步的感性认识,所以本节课是学生数学思想的一次重要提高。函数单调性是函数概念的延续和拓展,又是后续研究指数函数、对数函数等内容的基础,对进一步研究闭区间上的连续函数最大值和最小值的求法和实际应用,对解决各种数学问题有着广泛作用。课程目标1、理解增函数、减函数 的概念及函数单调性的定义;2、会根据单调定义证明函数单调性;3、理解函数的最大(小)值及其几何意义;4、学会运用函数图象理解和研究函数的性质.数学学科素养
【教学内容】人教版高中思想政治必修3文化生活第一单元第二课第二框题《文化塑造人生》。【教学目标】1.知识目标理解优秀文化如何丰富人的精神世界、增强人的精神力量及促进人的全面发展。2.能力目标(1)能赏析优秀文化产品,感悟积极向上的文化生活对于丰富人们的精神世界,增强人民的精神力量的意义,确信其促进人的全面发展的重要作用。(2)结合文化塑造人生,不断丰富自己的精神世界,促进自身的全面发展3.情感、态度、价值观目标树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观,丰富精神世界,增强精神力量,接受优秀文化,促进自身的全面发展。【教学重点】优秀文化能丰富人的精神世界,增强人的精神力量【教学难点】文化促进人的全面发展【教学准备】资料收集、多媒体课件【课时安排】1课时【教学过程】视频导入:播放我国残疾人艺术团在春节晚会上的精美舞蹈《千手观音》。
一、引入:教师列举以下言论,让学生辨出哪些是孟子的,哪些不是。学生不知道的,由教师说出。学生不理解的,教师作简要解说。1.天将降大任于是人也,必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨,饿其体肤,空乏其身,行拂乱其所为。所以动心忍性,曾益其所不能。(孟子)2.域民不以封疆之界,固国不以山溪之险,威天下不以兵革之利。得道者多助,失道者寡助。(孟子)3.鱼,亦我所欲也,熊掌,亦我所欲也,二者不可得兼,舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生,亦我所欲也,义,亦我所欲也,二者不可得兼,舍生而取义者也。(孟子)4.富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。(孟子)5.非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动。(孔子)6.无恻隐之心非人也,无羞恶之心非人也,无辞让之心非人也,无是非之心非人也。(孟子)7.庖有肥肉,厩有肥马,民有饥色,野有饿殍。(孟子)8.人性之善也,犹水之就下也;人无有不善,水无有不下。(孟子)9.民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。(孟子)10.君子坦荡荡,小人常戚戚。(孔子)
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