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人教版新课标高中物理必修2平抛运动说课稿2篇
（5）高度不同，对平抛运动距离有何影响，是否因为高度减小后下落时间减小，所以要增大速度才能达到相同的距离？（教学实践证明，这种想法在学生比较多见。已经不自觉的沿用了自由落体运动的规律，又隐隐有运动等时性的痕迹。应引导学生这一结果还需实验验证。）教师的引导：其实，我们所提出的看法都跟平抛运动的规律有关系。那么平抛运动究竟有怎样的规律呢？以前学过的直线运动知识还能用于今天的内容吗？由此逐步使学生意识到分析平抛运动须采用运动合成与分解这一方法。三、实验验证自主探究（15分钟） 物理是实验科学，多媒体教学不能代替实验。本教学设计的第三个环节是实验验证，鼓励学生自主探究。引导学生根据自己的猜想（实验目的）设计实验进行验证。（1）介绍手持式平抛竖落仪，引导并小结实验要领：听两小球下落声音判断其下落时间。体会合运动和分运动是等时的。
人教版新课标高中物理必修2万有引力定律说课稿2篇
学生中存在这样的问题：既然宇宙间的一切物体都是相互吸引的，那么为什么没有吸引到一起？为了解决这个问题，安排了例题2例2、两物体质量都是1kg，相距1m，它们间的万有引力是多少？通过本题，让学生认识到一般物体间的引力极小，不用考虑。那么，质量很大的天体为什么没被吸引到一块？从而引出下节课题。4.课堂小结：本节课，从天体运动出发，通过推理证明，形成理性认识，再结合例题习题使学生的理性认识再反馈到具体事实。形成实践-理论-实践的认知循环，顺应了认知规律.。本共设计了很多问，能让学生想的尽量让学生想、能学生说的尽量让学生说、能让学生做的尽量让学生做，全面发展学生的各方面能力。再通过作业和探究性课题使学生的思维活动在时空上得以延续。5.布置作业：布置作业时刻意安排引入：万有引力、重力、向心力、三者的联系，通过引导学生对比结果，从中发现问题：万有引力与重力向心力的关系与区别，为下节知识的难点突破作好了铺垫。
人教版新课标高中物理必修2万有引力理论的成就说课稿2篇
2、计算天体的质量首先观看多媒体展示天体的运动，同时解释什么是环绕天体？什么是中心天体？接着展示相关问题：①应用万有引力定律求解天体质量的基本思路是什么?②求解天体质量的方程依据是什么?教师点拨，学生分组，合作探究，学生代表发言设计说明通过创设问题情境，进行由浅至深，由易到难的问题式教学，以激发学生的积极思维活动；通过探究让学生建立物理模型，分组讨论，求解中心天体质量的三种表达式。在进行已有知识的迁移时重点重复环绕和被绕的关系，使学生准确抓住模型中的各个星体所担任的角色。通过小组合作学习，运用类比归纳法得出正确结论，掌握求解中心天体质量的基本思路，以达到突出教学重点的目的。3、发现未知天体通过2个视频进行了解设计说明这部分通过视频主要激发学生相信科学，学习科学，让学生感知人类探索宇宙的梦想，激发学生探索科学奥秘的热情，培养热爱科学的情感，促使学生树立献身科学的人生价值观。
人教版新课标高中物理必修2追寻守恒量—能量说课稿2篇
［小结］师：下面同学们概括总结本节所学的内容。请一个同学到黑板上总结，其他同学在笔记本上总结，然后请同学评价黑板上的小结内容。 （学生认真总结概括本节内容，并把自己这节课的体会写下来、比较黑板上的小结和自己的小结，看谁的更好，好在什么地方。） 生：本节课我们通过伽利略理想斜面实验，分析得出了能量以及动能和势能的概念，从能量的相互转化角度认识到，在动能和势能的相互转化过程中，能的总量保持不变，即能量是守恒的。通过这节课的学习，使我们建立起了守恒的思想。 点评：总结课堂内容，培养学生概括总结能力。 教师要放开，让学生自己总结所学内容，允许内容的顺序不同，从而构建他们自己的知识框架。［布置作业］课后讨论 P3“问题与练习”中的问题。［课外训练］以竖直上抛的小球为例说明小球的势能和动能的转化情况。在这个例子中是否存在着能的总量保持不变？
人教版新课标高中物理必修2宇宙航行说课稿2篇
了解了第一宇宙速度及其意义之后，继续提出问题，让学生思考：如果卫星的发射速度大于第一宇宙速度7.9km/s ，会出现什么情况呢？先让学生们大胆猜想，然后再向学生们介绍 卫星发射速度大于第一宇宙速度后的几种可能情况，引出第二宇宙速度和第三宇宙速度，让学生对第二、第三宇宙速度及其意义做定性了解。并通过演示Flash课件，帮助学生理解、加深学生印象。在学生对人造卫星的原理及发射卫星的速度条件有了初步了解后，接下来引导学生对卫星的运动规律作进一步的探索。实际上卫星并不是沿地表水平发射的，而是用火箭多次加速送到一定的高度的轨道后，再沿以地心为圆心的圆周的切线运行的。让学生继续深入思考：卫星在不同高度绕地球运行时的速度怎么求呢？将卫星送入低轨道和高轨道所需的速度都一样么？如果把不同轨道上的卫星绕地球的运动都看成是匀速圆周运动，引导学生利用已学的万有引力和圆周运动的相关知识，探究卫星绕地球的运行规律。
人教版新课标高中物理必修2重力势能说课稿2篇
（四）、弹性势能（据课时情况，可以让学生自学）生活中还有一些物体既没有运动也没有很大的高度却同样“储存”着能量，哪怕它只是孩童手里的玩具（图片：弹弓）。张紧的弓一撒手就会对箭支做功改变它的动能，松弛的弓有这样的本领吗？同样是弓前者具有能量而后者没有，那么什么情况下物体才具有这种能量呢？张紧的弓在恢复原状的过程会对外做功，但是拉断的弓还能有做功的本领吗？1．定义：物体由于发生弹性形变而具有的能量叫做弹性势能。2．弹性势能的大小与哪些因素有关呢？3、势能由相互作用的物体的相对位置决定的能量。重力势能：由地球和物体间相对位置决定。弹性势能：由发生形变的各部分的相对位置决定。(五).反馈练习1. 物体在运动过程中，克服重力做功50J， 则( )A．重力做功为50JB．物体的重力势能一定增加50JC．物体的重力势能一定减少50JD．重力做功为-50J
人教版高中地理必修2第三章第一节农业的区位选择说课稿
◆设计意图：培养学生独立思考、合作学习的能力。分别说明市场、交通、劳动力、机械和政策对农业生产的影响，让学生切实地考虑，拓展学生思路。教师激发和维持学生学习动机、引导学生、帮助学生自主发现、探索知识，达到巩固所学知识，检验学生的实践应用能力。D.分析教材，识别图片，理解农业地域阅读、分析教材，看图识别，研究案例《澳大利亚地混合农业生产》、思考问题、解决问题◆设计意图：图片展示能清楚直观地说明问题，通过案例分析，了解澳大利亚的混合农业生产，培养学生独立思考问题、解决问题的能力，开拓学生思路。3．课堂小结：◆设计意图：帮助学生回顾课堂、巩固所学知识。4.反馈练习：◆设计意图：知识与能力强化训练，巩固本课所学知识，提高应用能力。
人教版高中英语必修1Journey Down the Mekong说课稿
2. let the Ss complete the forms paragraph by paragraph. Purpose here is to help Ss to get the habit of reading a passage as a whole, and pay attention to the organization of the text, as a result the Ss will fully understand the whole passage.3. ask Ss to retell the passage with the help of the key words in the form.Since the Ss in the class are in different levels, so I let them to fill in the blank to understand the meaning of the words and phrases better. ( That’s all for the while-reading. Now let’s move to the fifth step.)Step V: Post-reading (10mins) ---DiscussionIn this part students are asked to discuss in groups and list Wang Kun’s and Wang Wei’s attitudes about the trip. After that, Ss are encouraged to express their attitudes with the whole class. Collect their answers and don’t forget to praise them even if their answers may not be perfect.In this activity, discussion provides a vivid and active learning environment for Ss to communicate in English with newly learned language items. (Finally it comes to the homework.)StepⅥ: Homework (1min)1. Ss are required to read the text again after class and figure out the meaning of some complex sentences.2. Do the exercises on P19; This can help Ss to consolidate what they’ve learnt and make preparation for the next lessonPart4. Blackboard design.（说板书设计）On the top, there is the title of this lesson. On the left, there are main ideas for each paragraph. On the right, there are some new words and expressions.Unit 3 Travel journalJourney down the MekongMain idea of each para.:Para1: deciding to take a great bike trip along the Mekong river.Para2: Different attitudes between Wang kun and Wang wei.
人教版高中英语必修4Body Language说课稿4篇
Textbook: Senior English for China (Book 4), by Liu Daoyi Time Allotment: 1 period (40 minutes)Date: March 20, 2014Teaching aids: blackboard, Multi-media, Power Point, chalk I. Text Analysis （教材分析）This unit is about body language, and the text selected in the reading part demonstrates the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world. Through learning this passage, students are required to raise their awareness of using body language in different parts of the world. As body language is closely related to our daily life, it is easy to arouse students’ interest in learning this text. Reading skills and speaking training are designed around the text.II. Teaching Objectives （教学目标）By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. Language Skill Objective（语言技能目标）: develop reading ability （skimming and scanning）as well as speaking ability.2. Cultural Knowledge Objective（文化知识目标）: know about the cultural differences of using body language.3. Affective Objective（情感目标）: increase students’ awareness of using body language correctly in different cultures. III.Teaching Focuses and Difficulties（教学重点和难点）1. Teaching Focuses（教学重点）: the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world.2. Teaching Difficulties（教学难点）: develop students’ reading abilities of skimming and scanning and ask the students to show their opinions with fluent English.
人教版高中英语必修1Anne's best friend说课稿
Step 7 Language points 1．Vocabulary (1) go through (2) set down (3) a series of (4) on purpose (5) in order to (6)at dusk (7)entirely (8)face to face 2．Important sentences (1)…I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. (2)There was a time when … (3)I stayed awake on purpose until … (4)It was the first time … that I’d seen the night … (5)It’s no pleasure looking through … Purpose: 1．Master the required vocabulary and sentence structures. 2．Use them freely. Step 8 Consolidation 1．Find out the topic sentences 2．Retell the text according to the topic sentences Purpose: I want to know if my students understand the text. Step 9 Discussion Imagine you have to go into hiding like Anne and her family, what would you miss most? Giveyour reasons. Purpose: Train Ss’ oral English ability. Step 10 Homework Write an article on Friends. Purpose: 1． Improve the Ss’ writing ability. 2 Train the Ss’ ability of self—teaching and looking up information by themselves. Part 5 Blackboard design（说板书设计）Unit 1 Friendship Reading Anne’s Best Friend 1．Main idea of each paragraph: Para. 1 Anne made her diary her best friend. Para .2 Anne wrote her feelings in her diary. Para .3 Anne missed nature. Para.4 Anne saw the night face to face Para.5 Anne wanted to experience nature outdoors. 2．Listening: Exx.1 P3 3．Discussion: Exx.3 P3 Purpose: 1．Make Ss familiar with the passage 2．Make the design inductive, instructive and artistic.
人教版高中英语必修1English around the world说课稿
(3)v. 给：提出；展现，显现present sb. with sth. ; present sth. to sb. 把. . 交给；颁发；授予present sth. (for sth. )/present sth. to sb. e. g. Om his birthday, his friends presented him a collection of stamps. 在他生日时，他的朋友们送给他一套邮票作为礼物。The sword was presented by the family to the museum. 这家人把宝剑捐赠给了博物馆。The committee will present the final report to Parliament in June. 委员会将在六月向议会提交最后的报告。You need to present yourself better. 你需要更善于展现自己。It is essential that we present a united front. 至关重要的是我们要表现得更加团结。Step 4 ConsolidationT:Now that we have got a general idea of these words and phrases. Lets make up some sentences using them to master them. Suggested sentences:1. Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone. 2. It is one of the greatest roles that she has played. 3. A large number of people have applied for the job. 4. The number of the panda is declining. 5. I'11 go there, even if I have to walk. 6. He came up to me to ask for a light. 7. The novel is about a family who can't communicate with each other. 8. He based his plan on interests of most people. 9. Why doesn't he make use of his singing talent?Step 5 Summary and homeworkT:Today we dealt with several new words and phrases. After class I hope that youcan read them again and again to keep them in mind. That's all for today. You aredismissed.
人教版高中英语必修4A taste of English Humor说课稿3篇
Then I would ask them to think of a funny English or Chinese and tell it to partners. While telling stories, they can use expressions and some acting to help make the story funny. 5 minutes would be given to do this.Those stories they told there will be the material for their writing. Soletting them tell it at first is helpful. And they can make a difference between telling a funny story and writing it down. Generally speaking, it is difficult forstudents to write well because they don’t know what to write and how to write. Asking them to tell their own stories at first can help them come up with what to write.After their telling, I would invite someone to share his/her story with all of us and I would write it down on the blackboard.This example story would be used as a sample to illustrate the format of funny story. Different from a story from teacher or textbook, a story from students can obviously become a interesting material to draw students’ attention.Then I would ask the whole class to put this story into several parts. It might be a little bit difficult for them. So I would ask them to find out whether all the sentences are necessary. After delete some sentences, there are 6 sentences left behind. Then they can easily put them into three parts. After interaction with students, I would teach them the right terms for each part and conclude the format of funny story.This step is the key and difficult point in my lesson. So I mainly usetask-based teaching method in this part and the task for students was divided into several stages. With the separated difficult level, students can find there are usually three parts in writing. They can also learn to write without the unnecessary parts in the process of analyzing. And then I wouldn’t rush to tell them the right terms to them directly. Instead, I would ask them to name them by their own. A confused mind is better for acquiring knowledge.While-writing:Then I would give students 7 minutes to write down this story, without other requirements.With all the preparations in pre-writing, students’ difficulties were cleared. So it would be much easier for them to write down the story within 7 minutes. There are no other requirements because students’ first writing is actually a drafting. It would be revise and edit several times later. Writing, as a skill
人教版高中英语必修3Canada-the true north说课稿4篇
Good afternoon, teachers, It’s my great pleasure to be here sharing my lesson with you.The content of my lesson is Senior English Book 3 Unit 5 Canada —— “The true North”.I’ll be ready to begin this lesson from five parts. Analysis of the teaching material,the teaching methods,the studying methods, the teaching procedure,and Blackboard design.First, let me talk about the teaching material.Part 1 Teaching Material:This unit is about the introduction of Canada. By studying of this unit,we’ll enable the students to learn the geography, population, main cities, and natural beauty, natural resources of Canada. Through the training of the unit, it also requires students to learn some Language skills such as the expressions of position and emotions.So it plays an important part in the English teaching in this book.After studying the teaching material and analyzing the rule of children’s growing of mind,I think the teaching aims are the followings:1.Knowledge objects:(1) make the students learn some new words and phrases(2) make the students understand the content of the lesson.2.Ability objects:(1)To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Especially reading and speaking ability.(2) learn to talk about the characters of Canada in English(3)To train the Ss’ ability of working in pairs.3.Emotion objects:(1)Enable students to understand the characters of Canada..(2)Stimulate Ss to work hard to make China stronger.Part 2 Teaching Methods:I think helping students learn to master new words and phrases and improve the students’ reading and speaking ability is import and the difficult.According to the analysis of the teaching material and the import points and the difficult points,I will use the following teaching methods : question-guiding approach; fast-reading and careful reading; multi-media teaching methods; discussion
人教版高中英语必修4Women of achievement说课稿4篇
Good morning, distinguished judges:It’s my honor to talk about my teaching ideas with you. Today my topic is Women of Achievement. My presentation consists of six parts: the analysis of teaching material and student, teaching aims, key and difficult points, teaching and studying method, teaching procedures and blackboard design.First, let’s focus on the analysis of teaching material. This lesson is from New Senior English for China Student’s Book 4 Unit 1, the reading part. The main topic of the passage is the introduction of a student of Africanwildlife. After this lesson, the students will learn more information about her studying chimps in Africa, and their reading and speaking abilities can be developed as well.The next part is the analysis of students. My students are in senior high students. They have learnt English for many years, they’ve known many words and sentences, but their speaking and reading abilities are still not very good. So I will practice their speaking and reading abilities through different exercises.According to the New Standard Curriculum and the present situation, I set the teaching aims as follows: firstly, knowledge aims. Students can grasp some new words, such as worthwhile, move off. Moreover, students can understand the content of the passage and get familiar with the topic of studying chimps in wildlife. Secondly, ability aims. Students can use reading strategies such as skimming and scanning in reading process. Thirdly, emotional aims. Students can have the awareness of protecting animals and care about animals.Based on the above analysis, the key point of this lesson is to get the main idea and the detailed information from the passage; the difficult point is to talk about the wildlife protection and use reading strategies.
人教版高中英语必修3Festivals around the World说课稿3篇
Teaching plan for Unit 1 book3Good morning, teachers. It’s my great pleasure to be here because I can share my lesson with you and I can learn a lot from it. I’ll begin my lesson from the following four parts， the teaching material, the teaching methods, the studying methods and the teaching procedure.Firstly, let me talk about the teaching material. The content of my lesson is the reading passage festivals and celebrations of Unit 1 Festivals around the world. This passage is about festivals and celebrations. By studying this passage, we’ll enable the students to know that festivals exit everywhere, and many of festivals in different countries celebrate similar ideas. As we all know, the reading passage is the center of each unit. If the Ss can learn it well, it will be helpful to make the Ss learn the rest of this unit.After studying the teaching material, I think the teaching aims are as the followings:1. Knowledge aims:(1) The Ss can master the usage of the important words andexpressions.(2)The Ss can use the __________________ (grammar) in the proper situation.Make students know about the festivals all over the world and the detail of the festivals, such as origin, content, and the date of the holiday festivals.2. Ability aims:(1) Students can talk about festivals and celebrations in English(2) To improve the student’s reading ability, especially their skimming and scanning ability.3. Emotion aims:Make the Ss know about the foreign festivals, and respect other countries’ custom.Next, let’s come to the important points and the difficult points.The important point is how to make the Ss understand the text better and the difficult point is how can they talk about it. secondly， Teaching Methods:1. task-based Language Teaching2. Computer assisted language teaching.3. question-and–answer methodThirdly， Studying Methods:
人教版高中英语必修3Healthy Eating说课稿4篇
Language learning needs a context, which can help the learners to understand the language and then can product comprehensible output, so computer has the advantages to make the materials attractive.Part 3 Learning MethodsTask-based, self-dependent and cooperative learningPart 4 Teaching ProcedureStep One Lead-in“Interest is the best teacher.” Therefore, at the very beginning of the class, I should spark the students’ mind to focus on the centre topic “the band”. I’ll show some pictures of food to attract their attention and then bring some questions.Question:What kind of food they like?What should go into a good meal?The answers must relate to the diet. After this, the students will be eager to know something about a balance diet and this is the very time to naturally lead the class into Step 2Step 2 Reading for information: skimming and scanning In this step, I use Task-based Language Teaching method, which can give students a clear and specific purpose while skimming and scanning the context.Task 1 General ideaThe students will be asked to just glance at the title and the pictures of the passage, and then guess what they will read in the text. And they’ll be divided into groups of four to have a discussion.The purpose is to inspire the students to read actively, not passively. In addition, the task is to develop the students’ reading skill by making prediction and to encourage the students to express their thoughts in English and cooperate with each other.Task 2 Main idea of each paragraphCooperative learning can raise the students’ interest and create an atmosphere of achievement. Based on this theory, I divide the whole class into 4 groups to skim the whole text and get the main idea of each paragraph.
人教版高中英语必修4Working The Land说课稿3篇
Knowledge objectives:(1) to make Ss grasp the usage of words, expressions and sentence structures: statistics, struggle, thanks to, rid of, some patterns for persuasion, the “ing” form as subject and object;(2)to use learnt knowledge to persuade sb.Ability objectives:(1) to develop Ss’ reading skills(skimming, scanning, word guessing);(2) to improve Ss’ speaking, communicating and cooperating skills.Emotional objectives:to make Ss know the contribution of Yuan,and learn his spirit and his simple life time.Teaching important and difficult points:(1) some words, expressions and sentence structures mentioned above;(2)the content of the text;(3)training their reading and speaking skills.Teaching methods: CLT, TBLT,QT.Learning strategies: CLS, QLS, TBLS.Teaching procedures:Step 1 lead-in: (1) teacher plays a piece of recent news from CCTV about the harvest of the super hybrid rice, and ask students whether they know Yuan or not, and talk about him and his contribution.(2)Brain storm: let Ss describe Yuan in their minds including his appearance, his living condition and so on.Step 2 fast reading tasks:(1)teacher introduces Yuan and super hybrid rice(2)make Ss read the text as fast as possible with questions. Such as: what’s the general ideaof this passage? What’s Yuan’ dream? (skimming and scanning skill)Step 3 intensive reading tasks(1)let Ss read the text silently, find topic sentence of each paragraph and draw the difficult sentences and the knowledge what they don’t understand.(words guessing)(2)teacher and Ss talk about the important words, expressions and sentences together, and ask Ss to retell the content of the text.(summarizing and paraphrasing)(3)teacher summarize this part.(4) read again following the courseware.
人教版高中英语必修3The million pound bank note说课稿3篇
在接下来的细读环节，我套用了高考对阅读理解的考查方式设置了5个问题，分别为三个推理判断题，一个细节题和一个主旨大意题。学生需要对文章的内容进行分析、归纳、推理、猜测等高级思维活动才能做出正确的回答。【设计意图】这一过程是对学生进行细读的训练，培养学生获取特定信息和挖掘文章深层次信息的能力。第三环节:Intensive-reading (精读) 15′第三个环节精读，既是最重要的环节，也是突破本课重难点的关键。首先，让学生思考剧本中人物看到百万英镑前后的态度发生了怎样的变化。其次，让学生仔细阅读文章，找出可以表现人物态度变化的具体的语言和动作。最后，让学生总结人物的态度发生变化的根本原因是什么，从而引出Money Talks, 供学生思考。【设计意图】通过一系列的活动培养学生学习从人物的语言和动作探究人物的心理，使学生进一步体会戏剧语言的魅力，从而对文章背后所反映的社会问题进行思考，也为下一步的讨论环节做好铺垫。
人教版高中英语必修5First aid说课稿6篇
In this class, I have 3 teaching aims, that is, knowledge aims, ability aims and emotion aims.1) Knowledge-Teach students new words and expressions, such as temporary, bleed,sprain choke, first aid, fall ill and so on.-Enable students to have a better understanding for some basic knowledge of first aid.2) Ability-Train students’ speaking, reading and writing abilities by different teaching activities, such as skimming, comprehending, team work, role play, retelling and writing.-Develop students’ reading strategy on how to move general idea to specific information.3) Emotion-Promote students’ awareness of giving first aid.- Cultivate students’ creativities.Then let’s come to my teaching methods and activities.III. Teaching methods and activities:To achieve different teaching aims, various kinds of teaching methods and activities will be adopted throughout this period, such as TBL (task-based learning), skimming, team work, brainstorm and others, which can offer students opportunities to fulfill tasks in which they can use language to achieve a specific outcome.IV. Teaching aids:Computer and blackboardV. Teaching important points:1) Make students have a clear mind for the structure of the text.2) Help students understand the theme of the text.VI. Teaching difficulties:1) So many new words may affect students’ understanding.2) How to get students to know about the functions of the skin and thecauses, characteristics and treatments for different degree burns,and the knowledge about giving first aid. VII. Blackboard design:
人教版高中英语必修5Great scientists说课稿4篇
通过写文章梗概，培养学生综合运用语言的能力，学习用恰当的英语描述科学家的故事。这是本课的教学难点。教师可以使用完形填空的方式来帮助学生整理语篇，从而来降低难度。本课的教学重点的突破方法是：在阅读前，让学生初步了解得出科学观点所需要的基本程序，从而轻松而自然地导入文章的阅读；在阅读过程中，由易到难设计快速阅读和精读的问题，层层推进各种阅读活动，让学生对阅读内容从整体感知到细节理解，最后深层读懂整篇文章，同时加强阅读策略的指导，让每个学生都主动参与课堂教学活动，最终达到提高阅读能力的目的。Step 4 Post-readingGroup Activities四人小组共同合作，在老师的适当指导下，就以下2个问题展开讨论，让学生就所知、所学、所感和所想融入话题，然后抽若干同学代表作小组发言。1. What do you think about John Snow, and what should we learn from him?2. Cholera was 19th century disease, which two diseases are similar to cholera today? Why?