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新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures-Reading for Writing教学设计
The topic of this part is “Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity”.This section focuses on Chinese culture by introducing Chinatown, whose purpose is to show the relationship between the Chinese culture and American culture. The Chinese culture in Chinatown is an important part of American culture. Chinatown is an important window of spreading Chinese culture and the spirit homeland of oversea Chinese, where foreigners can experience Chinese culture by themselves.Concretely, the title is “Welcome to Chinatown!”, from which we can know that the article aims at introducing Chinatown. The author used the “Introduction--Body Paragraph--Conclusion” to describe the people, language, architecture, business, famous food and drinks and people’s activities, which can be a centre for Chinese culture and shows its unique charm.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information.2. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.3. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.4. Learn to correct others’ writing.1. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.2. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.Step 1 Lead in ---Small talkIn the reading part, we mentioned the Chinatown of San Francisco. How much do you know about Chinatown of San Francisco ?Chinatown is a main living place for Chinese immigrants, where you can see many Chinese-style buildings, costumes, operas, restaurants, music and even hear Chinese.Step 2 Before reading ---Predict the contentWhat is the writer’s purpose of writing this text ? How do you know ?From the title(Welcome to Chinatown) and some key words from the text(tourist, visit, visitors, experience), we can know the purpose of the text is to introduce Chinatown and show the relationship between Chinese culture and American culture.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教学设计
1. In Picture 1 and Picture 2, where do you think they are from? How do you know?From their wearings, we can know they are from ethnic minority of China--- Miao and Dong.Picture 1, they are playing their traditional instrument lusheng in their traditional costumes.Picture 2. the girls are Miao because they wear their traditional costumes and silver accessory.2. In Picture 3, can you find which village it is? What time is it in the picture?It is Dong village. It is at night. Step 2 While-listeningJustin met a new friend while traveling in Guizhou. Listen to their conversation and complete the summaries below.Part 1Justin and Wu Yue watched some Miao people play the lusheng. The instrument has a history of over 3,000 years and it is even mentioned in the oldest collection of Chinese poetry. Then they watched the lusheng dance. Justin wanted to buy some hand-made silver/traditional accessories as souvenirs. He was told that the price will depend on the percentage of silver. Part 2They will go to a pretty Dong minority village called Zhaoxing. they will see the drum towers and the wind and rain bridges. They may also see a performance of the Grand Song of the Dong people.Step 3 Post-listening---TalkingWork in groups. Imagine Justin is telling some friends about his trip to Guizhou. One of you is Justin and the rest of you are his friends. Ask Justin questions about his trip and experience. The following expressions may help you.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures-Reading and Thinking教学设计
Discuss these questions in groups.Q1: Have you ever been to a place that has a diverse culture ? What do you think about the culture diversity ?One culturally diverse place that I have been to is Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang Province. I went there last year with my family to see the Ice and Snow Festival, and I was amazed at how the culture as different to most other Chinese cities. There is a big Russian influence there, with beautiful Russian architecture and lots of interesting restaurants. I learnt that Harbin is called “the Oriental Moscow” and that many Russians settled there to help build the railway over 100 years ago.Q2: What are the benefits and challenges of cultural diversity ?The benefits: People are able to experience a wide variety of cultures, making their lives more interesting, and it can deepen the feelings for our national culture, it is also helpful for us to learn about other outstanding culture, which helps improve the ability to respect others. The challenges: People may have trouble communicating or understanding each other, and it may lead to disappearance of some civilizations and even make some people think “The western moon is rounder than his own.”Step 7 Post reading---RetellComplete the passage according to the text.Today, I arrived back in San Francisco, and it feels good (1) _____(be) back in the city again. The city succeeded in (2)_________ (rebuild) itself after the earthquake that (3)________ (occur) in 1906, and I stayed in the Mission District, enjoying some delicious noodles mixed with cultures. In the afternoon, I headed to a local museum (4)____ showed the historical changes in California. During the gold rush, many Chinese arrived, and some opened up shops and restaurants in Chinatown to earn a (5)_____ (live). Many others worked on (6)______ (farm), joined the gold rush, or went to build the railway that connected California to the east. The museum showed us (7)____ America was built by immigrants from (8)________ (difference) countries and cultures. In the evening, I went to Chinatown, and ate in a Cantonese restaurant that served food on (9)________(beauty) china plates. Tomorrow evening, I’m going to (10)__ jazz bar in the Richmond District. 答案：1. to be 2. rebuilding 3. occurred 4. that 5.living6. farms 7.how 8. different 9. beautiful 10. a
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 The Value of Money- Discovering Useful Structure教学设计
Step 3 Meaning1. 过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态, 常用在宾语从句中。一般由“would/should +动词原形”构成。She hoped that they would meet again someday. 她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。2. was/were going to+动词原形: 表示过去将要发生或很有可能发生的动作, 常用于口语中, 表示预言、意图或者打算等。He was going to start work the following week. 他打算下星期开始工作。3. was/were about to do: 常用来表示即将发生的动作, “刚要/正要做……”。注意该结构不与任何时间状语连用。I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 我感到某种可怕的事情即将发生。4.was/were to do: 表示“曾计划做某事”, 如果表示“本来计划做某事, 动作没实现”, 则需用 “was/were to have done”。She said she was to have told me about the accident. 她说她本来想告诉我关于事故的事。5.Start, go, come, leave, see, meet等动词的过去进行时: 表示就过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作。She was coming later. 她随后就来。I had just put on my overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine. 我刚穿上外套要去看我的一个朋友。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 The Value of Money-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教学设计
4. A：We’d like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.B：↙Who?A：We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.B用降调说Who，其意思是问，对方想让谁在开场时致欢迎词。Step 6 Pronunciation---Practice1. Listen to the short conversation and mark the intonation with ↗, ↙ or ↙, ↗. Then discuss with a partner what they intend to convey by using different intonation.Owner: You know what ?↗ It’s a million-pound bank note↙.Waiter 1: Really ?↗(question)Waiter 2: Really !↙(unbelievable and surprised)Waiter 3: Really ?!↙↗(first question then surprised)2. Listen to the conversations. Underline the parts that are stressed and mark the intonation. Then talk about the implied meanings of the responses with different intonations. Listen again and repeat.1) Henry: It’s a nice suit.Owner: Oh, it’s perfect!↙(The intonation means it is very suitable for Henry.)2) Henry: Well, that’s very kind of you.Owner: Kind, sir ?↗(what you said is not right) No, it’s kind of you. You must come whenever you want and have whatever you like. Just having you sit here is a great honour !!↙(welcome you to come again)3)Henry:Well, to be honest, I have none. Oliver:(happily) What luck!(excited) Brother↗, what luck!↙(It means “Didn’t you hear it?”)Henry: Well, it may seem lucky to you but not to me!↗(angry) If this is your idea of some kind of joke, I don’t think it’s very funny. Now if you’ll excuse me, I ought to be on my way.↙(If so, I would leave.)Roderick: Please don’t go↙...(hope Henry can wait for a moment)Part B Viewing and Talking---Describe people’s changing attitudes in a film clipStep 1 Before-listening---Tell the filmYou are going to watch part of the film The Million Pound Bank Note. Look at these photos and guess what happens in the film.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 The value of money-Reading and Thinking教学设计二
? Could you offer me some kind of work here?? I don’t want your charity, I just want an honest job.? Careless: I landed in Britain by accident.Step 7:Consolidation.? Find Henry? Roderick and Oliver were I .making a bet when they saw Henry, a poor young man. ? Know Henry? About a month ago, Henry was sailing and later he found himself carried out to sea by a strong wind. Fortunately, he 2.was spotted by a ship. And it was the ship that brought him to 3.England? Offer money to Henry ? Oliver and Roderick gave Henry a letter and told him that there was money in it. They 4.persuaded him to accept it, and made him 5.promise that it wouldn't be opened until 2 o'clock.Step 8：Language pointsa large amount of: a large quantity of; a great deal ofe.g. They bought a large amount of furniture before they moved their new house.make a bet: make an arrangement to risk money, etc. on an event of which the result is doubtful.e.g. We made a bet on the result of the match.permit sb to do something: allow somebody to do somethinge.g. My mother doesn’t permit me to ride in the street after it rained.by accident: as a result of chancee.g. I only found it by accident.stare at: look at somebody or something with the eyes wide open in a fixed gaze( in astonishment, wonder, fear, etc)to be honest: to tell you the truth; to be franke.g. To be honest, I don’t think we have a chance of winning.Step7 Homework:What do you think will happen to Henry? Will the bank-note help him or get him into trouble?
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 The Value of Money-Reading for Writing教学设计二
2. 您能看到, 我头发太长了。You can see that my hair is much too long.3. 无论什么时候, 只要您想回来就回来。Please come back whenever you want.4. 您仅有很少的头发要理! You only have too little hair to cut !5. 为您服务是我的荣幸！It is my honour to serve you!Step 9 Writing(Henry is walking down the street when he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to have it cut. )H=Henry B=BarberH: Good afternoon, I’d like to have my hair cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry’s hair and continues cutting another man’s hair. ) Er, I’d really like a haircut. As you can see it’s much too long. B: (in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H: Fine, well, I’ll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber’s chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B: It’s quite expensive here, you know! Are you sure you can afford it?H: Yes. I think so. (After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B: Why Mr. . . (looks shocked)H: Adams. Henry Adams. I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. B: Please don’t worry! (wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about! Nothing at all! Please come back whenever you want, even if you only have too little hair to cut! It will be my honour to serve you!Step 10 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Are all the elements of a play included and in good order ?2. Do the character use suitable language ?3. Are the stage directions clear and useful ?4. Is the plot clear and exciting enough ?
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 the value of money-Reading For Writing教学设计一
【参考范文】Narrator：(Henry is smiling as he leaves the restaurant. As he is walking down the street, he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to get it cut. )H＝Henry；B＝Barber；R＝rude manH：Good afternoon, I'd like to get a cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry's hair and continues cutting another man's hair. )Er, I'd really like a haircut. As you can see it's much too long. B：(in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H：Fine, well I'll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber's chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B：It's quite expensive here, you know！Are you sure you can afford it?H：Yes. I think so. (In comes the rude man. )R：Hey you there. I need a haircut quickly. Can you do me straightaway?B：All right, then, get in the chair and I'll see what I can do. R：Thank you. (sits down in one of the barber's chairs)H：Excuse me, but I was here first. Aren't you going to do my hair first?B：This man's in a hurry. H：Well so am I！I insist that you cut my hair first. B：OK, but I'll have to be quick. This gentleman is waiting. H：Thank you. (They both become quiet. After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B：Why, Mr . . . (looks shocked)H：Adams. Henry Adams. I'm sorry, I don't have any change. R：You're that Mr Adams! Well，I'm glad I waited or I might never have known it was you. B：Why, Mr Adams, please don't worry！(wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about！Nothing at all!Please come back any time, even if you only need too little hairs cut！It will be my honour to serve you!
人教版高中历史必修3文艺复兴和宗教改革说课稿2篇
师：在科学发展过程中，前一个理论体系的不完善之处，往往是新的研究和新的发现的突破口。开普勒之后，意大利天文学家伽利略创制了天文望远镜，用更加精确的观察继续发展和验证哥白尼创立的新天文学理论。除了用望远镜进行天文观察以外，伽利略还开始进行自然科学的实验研究，哪位同学能给大家讲一讲伽利略在比萨斜塔上所作的关于物体自由下落的实验？生：（讲述这一实验）师：所以，伽利略在科学方面更加重要的贡献是奠定了近代实验科学的基础。（2）实验科学和唯物主义师：伽利略从实践上开辟了实验科学的方法，而英国唯物主义哲学家培根则从理论上阐述了实验科学的方法——归纳法。培根和伽利略同被称为实验科学之父，培根还有一句影响深刻的名言：“知识就是力量”，表明了他注重知识，尊崇科学的精神。我们再来概括一下意大利哲学家布鲁诺的唯物主义思想，是否有同学可以简述布鲁诺的生平事迹？
人教版高中历史必修3西方人文主义思想的起源说课稿
苏格拉底把装有毒酒的杯子举到胸口，平静地说：“分手的时候到了，我将死，你们活下来，是谁的选择好，只有天知道。”说毕，一口喝干了毒酒。（2） 苏格拉底临死前对一个叫克力同的人说了这样一番话。克力同，我告诉你，这几天一直有一个神的声音在我心中晓喻我，他说：“苏格拉底，还是听我们的建议吧，我们是你的卫士。不要考虑你的子女、生命或其他东西胜过考虑什么是公正。……事实上你就要离开这里了。当你去死的时候，你是个牺牲品，但不是我们所犯错误的牺牲品，而是你同胞所犯错误的牺牲品。但你若用这种可耻的方法逃避，以错还错，以恶报恶，践踏你自己和我们订立的协议合约，那么你伤害了你最不应该伤害的，包括你自己、你的朋友、你的国家，还有我们。到那时，你活着面对我们的愤怒，你死后我们的兄弟、冥府里的法律也不会热情欢迎你；因为它们知道你试图尽力摧毁我们。别接受克力同的建议，听我们的劝告吧。”
人教版高中政治必修3博大精深的中华文化说课稿2篇
板书：多民族文化对中华文化的意义师：中华民族是多民族的共同体，中华文化呈现多种民族文化的丰富色彩。中华各民族的文化，既有中华文化的共性，又有各自的民族特性。它们都是中华文化的瑰宝，都是中华民族的骄傲。各兄弟民族文化相互交融、相互促进，共同创造了中华文化。各族人民对共同拥有的中华文化的认同感和归属感，显示了中华民族厚重的文化底蕴和强大的民族凝聚力。问题探究8温家宝总理在美国会见华侨时满怀深情地说，中国已解决了香港问题和澳门问题，洗刷了百年耻辱，现在剩下一个台湾问题，“这一湾浅浅的海峡是我们最大的乡愁、最大的国殇”。用有关知识分析：为什么“这一湾浅浅的海峡是我们最大的乡愁、最大的国殇”？生1：台湾是中国的一部分，台湾各族人民是中华民族的一部分，台湾文化归属于中华文化。生2：传统的民族文化是维系民族生存和发展的精神纽带。
人教版高中政治必修3博大精深的中华文化说课稿
环节三：多媒体继续展示石窟艺术、民族文学等，学生在感受少数民族文化成就的过程中不难得出结论：各民族文化都为中华文化作出了重要贡献，都是中华民族的骄傲。由此进入第三目“中华之瑰宝，民族之骄傲”。各族人民对中华文化的认同感和归属感，显示了中华民族厚重的文化底蕴和强大的民族凝聚力。环节四：合作探究中华文化博大精深的原因。学生调动已有历史知识储备和课前搜集的材料分组交流：历史上在思想文化方面，对诸家学说所采取的兼收并蓄的学术主张；中国文化长期吸收周边少数民族的哪些优秀文明；在对待外域文化上，中华民族是否敞开博大胸怀扬弃吸收。2、从现代找出能充分体现中华民族的文化开放心态和中华文化非凡融合力的例子。这样可增添几分时代气息，更好地服务于当下实践。
人教版高中政治必修3文化在继承中发展说课稿2篇
2、学生分析 九十年代初期出生的孩子，生活在一个充满活力的时代，张扬个性成为他（她）们的主旋律。面对这一时代的学生，沟通需要用心、用技巧，那也是一门艺术。高中学生的心理日趋成熟,有一定的知识积累,且比较丰富;语言逻辑性强,有较强的参与意识,求知欲望及表现欲望。学生主体参与的充分，表现在其主动性，积极性得到极大的调动。这与教师的主导作用是分不开的。本课教案就是要引导学生自己先阅读书本、独立思考、激发学生思维，引导学生各抒己见，让学生自己得出解答问题的结论，不追求答案的唯一。充分体现了读书是一种个体行为，每个学生有不同的体验。教师应跳出教案的问题模式，和学生一道去创造地发现问题、分析问题、解决问题，在成功中寻找快乐、在快乐中更加成功。同时特别注重创设的情景的选择性，有针对性和实效性，引导学生们积极、主动参与，使他们的潜能、智慧得出充分挖掘、展示。只有当学生们在课堂上表现出来的独特的、有创意的设计见解，学生主体参与和教师主导二者完美结合，才能表明该课的设计卓有成效。
人教版高中政治必修3在文化生活中选择说课稿3篇
生2：每逢清明，或其他一些死者的纪念日，人们总要为死去的亲人烧纸钱。这幅漫画由烧纸钱演变为烧“家电”，说明随着社会环境的变化，人们根深蒂固的一些封建思想，还在影响着人们的生活。要花大力气去破除封建迷信活动。师：说到底，算命、烧纸钱是封建迷信活动，从文化角度来说，是落后文化。我们一起来看看在现实生活中，还有哪些落后文化在影响着人们的生活。生1：在一些边远落后地区，大人小孩生了病，不是看医生，而是让巫婆神汉来治，结果往往耽误了诊疗时间，有的甚至还丢掉了性命。生2：“重男轻女”“多子多福”，红白事大操大办现象在有些地方还很严重。师：这些落后文化都有哪些共同特征？在你看来，这些现象有哪些危害？生3：这些落后文化，在内容上带有迷信、愚昧、颓废、庸俗等色彩，在形式上常常以传统习俗的形式表现出来，如人们常见的看相、算命、测字、看风水等。它会麻痹人的意志，使人消极、悲观、绝望，对理想、前途、信念丧失信心；破坏社会的风气。
人教版高中政治必修3在文化生活中选择说课稿
一、教材分析文化市场和大众传媒的发展，给我们的文化生活带来了许多可喜的变化。但是，文化市场的自发性和传媒的商业性也引发了令人忧虑的现象。文化生活有“喜”也有“忧”，让我们欢喜让我们忧。面对形式多样的文化生活，置身于文化生活的海洋之中，在文化生活中如何选择、怎样作出正确的选择是亟待向学生解决的问题。二、学情分析高二学生处于世界观、人生观和价值观形成的关键时期，身心迅速发展，自我意识和独立性较强，社会公共生活空间范围越来越大，并且开始理性地思考社会和人生的重大问题，他们可塑性强，但情绪仍然不稳定，有多变性，容易冲动或偏激，迫切需要提升思想意识，加强方法论的指导，使其在纷繁复杂的文化生活中能够进行正确的判断与选择。如果我们的学生不能把握正确的航向，是非观念模糊，良莠不分，就会陷入落后文化和腐朽文化的泥沼而不能自拔，甚至造成无法挽回的恶果。
人教版高中政治必修3文化在交流中传播说课稿2篇
师：同学们这个暑假过得真不错呀，都有自己最开心的日子。同学们经历的这些活动，让你们自己长了知识，丰富了阅历，你们今天的介绍，也让我和更多的同学大开了眼界。由此可见，在今天，通过亲身参与、实践，通过网络、电影，通过交流发言，大家获得了许多新的信息、知识，增强了对祖国美好河山的热爱、对科技的向往和异国的友谊。同学们信息交流的过程，实际上也是文化传播的过程。板书课题:第二课时文化在交流中传播话题导入讨论话题：如何建设文明校园?（课前准备：要求同学们仔细观察、了解关于校园文明现象的问题，并就如何建设文明校园提出自己的建议。教师可按自然组，让学生推选一名代表发言，就校园文明方面谈谈存在的问题和不足，或提出一些中肯的改进意见）（学生交流）生1：建设文明校园，首先要净化语言环境，我们学校不少同学爱说脏话，与文明校园很不相称。
人教版高中历史必修3新文化运动与马克思主义的传播说课稿
一、说教材（一）教材分析本课所介绍的新文化运动，是继上一节所学的《西学东渐和维新变法思想》之后中国另一波影响巨大的思想解放潮流，旨在向西方学习、寻求强国御侮之道。在整个知识体系中，它既是资产阶级领导的旧民主主义革命的补课，又是无产阶级领导的新民主主义革命的序曲。它所带来的思想的空前解放，也就为马克思主义的传播创造了条件，为中共的成立奠定基础。这一课的学习能让学生清晰认识新文化运动和马克思主义在近代中国思想解放历程中的重要作用和巨大影响。与必修一和必修二政治经济史的结合也能让使学生强化历史联系。新课程标准对本课就做了明确的规定：1、概述新文化运动的主要内容，探讨其对近代中国思想解放的影响。2、简述马克思主义在中国传播的史实，认识马克思主义对中国历史发展的重大意义。根据课标要求，我制定了以下具体的三维目标。
人教版高中政治必修3建设社会主义精神文明说课稿
最后，教师对这节课学习的内容做回顾总结，并让学生做几道练习题巩固一下新知识。依据：本节课主要是通过学生对关中文化的了解来学习我国的传统文化。所以我计划通过3-5分钟的设问导课让学生把注意力转变集中到课堂中，引导学生关注课堂。整体时间安排符合教育学中的最佳时间分配原理和反馈原理。这样做也有利于优化课堂结构、提高教学效率、把主要时间留给学生，把主动权还给学生。针对高三年级学生的层次差异，我进行了分层设置，设置有基础题和拔高题。这样做既可以使学生掌握基础知识，又可以使学有余力的学生有所提高，从而达到拔尖和“减负”的目的。板书设计板书就是微型教案，板书集中体现教学的三维目标、重难点、教学过程，体现教学的特色与特性。
人教版高中政治必修3传统文化的继承说课稿3篇
（二）课堂教学在教学中，无论是形式还是内容，都必须统一于学生的发展。从形式上说，以学生展示、思考、讨论为主，教师点拨为辅，在一定的情境与社会文化背景下，获得对传统文化的认识和理解。从内容上说，主要以福州地方传统文化为素材，围绕海峡两岸同时举办的“元霄灯会”为主线，回归到学生的生活世界，更有效地激发起学生情感，并将生活世界与知识世界衔接起来，在实际情景中分析传授相关传统文化的知识，提高学生认识和分析解决问题的能力，逐步形成对传统文化的情感和价值判断。教学过程，紧紧围绕传统文化，分为“激趣导入--活动感悟--探究思辩--升华导行”四个层次，环环相扣，逐步推进，帮助学生完成由感性认识到理性认识的飞跃。1.激趣导入良好的开端是成功的一半。德国的普克朗认为：“思考可以构成一座桥，让我们通向新知识”。因此，一开始，我就运用对比方法，进行设问，福州和西安、南京、北京一样也是历史文化名城，你们同意吗？
人教版高中政治必修3感受文化影响说课稿2篇
3、问题设计：文化除了影响人们的交往行为和交往方式外，还影响人们的什么？4、师生总结得出结论：文化影响人们的实践活动、认识活动和思维方式。设计意图：通过主题的指引，让学生查阅并说说中国传统节日的来源、传说和意义。这是基于丰富课程资源的设计，将生活和学习领域的多种资源纳入课程的范畴，在活动中自主建构知识，并在教师的引导下，提高分析和解决问题能力，培养热爱祖国的思想感情，突破本框题第二个重点。过渡设问：文化对人影响有什么特点？设计意图：通过问题提示，集中学生的注意力，导入下一个环节的教学。环节三：文化对人潜移默化的影响。教案：1、多媒体播放“孟母三迁”故事动画片。2、讨论问题：“孟母三迁”的故事给我们什么启示？3、师生总结得出结论：文化对人具有潜移默化的影响。设计意图：“孟母三迁”的故事学生比较熟悉，而且这个故事的思想教育性较强。