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人教版高中语文必修2《氓》说课稿3篇
四、教学方法和学法。课前学生搜集有关《诗经》的资料必不可少。另外，时隔数千年，年代久远，文字的障碍很大，然而，过分纠缠于文字的疏通会破坏诗歌的“气”，丧失诗歌的“神”，所以在学习时，应舍去条分缕析的理论评价，指导学生结合注释疏通文字，然后引领他们经由文字再现形象和事件，经由形象和事件领略情感，感受其中浓浓的诗情。诵读的环节是重要的，配以二胡独奏《长相思》，营造意境，学生沉浸在音乐营造的意境中反复吟咏，读出节奏，读出音调，读出感情，细细体味，让或优或喜的情愫萦绕心间，我们就触到了先民的灵魂。比兴手法为《诗经》独创，重章叠句同样别致而新鲜，教学过程中结合具体语境让学生自己去发现并进行讨论，不搞枯燥的知识传授。还引入讲故事、改写两种活泼的学习形式，从而达到加深理解的目的。
人教版高中语文必修1《论语》说课稿
三、文本中的句子解决完毕，大家对文本内容的理解更加深入了。请速度文本，思考：《论语》具体涉及了哪些方面的内容，体现了孔子什么观点？明确：主要有治学、从政、修身养性和交友治道等方面，体现了孔子“克己复礼”的思想。四、 教师引导学生讨论： 如何评价孔子的言行和观点？从古至今人们对孔子有哪些评价？明确：1、春秋战国时代， 孔子门人及其后学者均推尊孔子。门人中以子贡为代表，他对孔子赞美备至，奉如天人，把孔子比拟为高天、日月、木铎，凡人是永远不可企及的，认为孔子是天生的圣人，“仰之弥高，钻之弥坚”。亚圣孟子认为孔子所行的“圣人之道”是遍及自然界和社会的至高准则。然而当时民间一般看法认为孔子是博学成名的大学者。
人教版高中语文必修1《优美的汉字》说课稿
明确：（1）结绳记事说。原始记事的一种方法。人类在没有发明文字或文字使用尚不普遍时，常用在绳索或类似物件上打结的方法记录数字，表达某种意思，用以传达信息，处理事件。 （2）书画说。（3）仓颉造字说。中国自古就有仓颉造字之说。文字的发明是人类发展史上一件石破天惊的大事，它将人们的思维、语言、经验以及复杂的社会现象记录下来，使文化得以传播交流、世代传承。2、汉字的形体：中华民族五千年的历史中，汉字的演变，从甲骨文－－金文－－大篆－－小篆－－隶书－－草书－－楷书－－行书，字形由象形到点横竖撇捺的方块字，经历了漫长的岁月。其中凝聚着民族的智慧，也体现出汉字逐步完善的过程，凸显其方方正正、四平八稳的特点。汉字又是一种文化的体现，那些经过艺术处理的汉字或跳起了拉丁舞、有的如同酒醉的成龙打起了醉拳，更是让我们感到的是在欣赏汉字在纸张上跳舞，所以：书法是“纸上的舞蹈”。请大家看到书上的相关内容，注意每一种形体的汉字的载体是什么，其功能又有什么不一样。
人教版高中语文必修1《小狗包弟》说课稿
探究、讨论、交流：1、包弟讨人喜欢，作者却不得不将它送走，为什么？2、送走包弟后，作者为什么先是感觉轻松，随后觉得沉重？3、“您的小狗怎样？”这句话反复出现，有什么用意？4、“整整十三年零五个月过去了”“整整”一词有什么作用？5、“满园的创伤使我的心仿佛又给放在油锅里熬煎”这句话如何理解？6、“我怀念包弟，我想向它表示歉意。”如何理解？学生各抒己见后教师结合材料发表看法明确总结特别是最后一个问题得出作者这发之心底的语言，不仅仅是歉意，更是发自灵魂深处的忏悔！是对生命的尊重，是一个有良知的作家对反省历史的呼号。第三环节“认识你自己”——忏悔意识与我引导学生正视和反省成长过程中曾犯下过错。并布置课后作业：要求学生课后在本周随笔中谈反省忏悔后的感受。
人教版高中语文必修1《烛之武退秦师》说课稿2篇
4、本文的重点是说辞，虽仅百余字，却委婉曲折，步步进逼，层层深入，表现出高超的劝说艺术、游说技巧。让学生细细品味并概括说辞中包含几层意思。第一层（“秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣”），分析形势，以退为进，博得好感。第二层（“若亡郑而有益于君”至“君之薄也”），亡郑陪邻，动摇联盟。第三层（“若舍郑以为东道主”至“君亦无所害”），存郑有益，利益引诱。第四层（“且君尝为晋君赐矣”至“唯君图之”），追溯历史，深入离间。可见烛之武面对大国的君主，巧舌如簧，不卑不亢，从容辞令，既不刺激对方也不失本国尊严，语言的分寸掌握得恰到好处。表现出烛之武机智善辩的外交才能。5、面对风云突变的局势，晋侯没有感情用事，而表现了清醒的头脑和理智的判断。这种隐忍不发、随机应变的胸怀和谋略，正是晋文公终成霸业的根本原因。设计意图：本环节的重点是全面把握烛之武这一人物性格特征，以及退秦师过程中体现出的非凡的胆识以及高超的谋略和语言艺术。
人教版高中语文必修2《短歌行》说课稿2篇
一、说教材《短歌行》是普通高中课程标准实验教科书必修（二）第二单元的一篇略读课文，本单元安排的是先秦到南北朝时期的诗歌。《短歌行》是著名政治家、军事家、文学家曹操的作品。诗中抓住“忧”字来写诗人为什么“忧”，如何解“忧”，从而表达希望能够招揽人才、完成统一天下的雄心壮志。所以本单元安排《短歌行》一诗，对学生全面了解曹操，感受曹操在短暂的人生中竭力创造伟业的气概。二、说学生我这一课的教学对象是高一学生。他们进入高中学习的时间只有三个多月，现在已经完成了必修（一）的学习。学习了现代诗歌单元，有了一定的诗歌学习基础，初步掌握了读诗的基本方法，但是还未能形成成熟的稳定的学习方式。同时，本单元学习是高中第一次接触古代诗歌，诗歌语言上的障碍和时间上的跨度对他们来说都是学习上的困难。因此教师要引导学生自主学习，合作学习，为他们设置新的学习情境，提供合作探究的机会。
人教版高中语文必修2《游褒禅山记》说课稿3篇
学法指导：高一学生对文言文阅读已具备了一些基础知识和积累，但对如何学习文言文，还是一个新课题，因此教师应引导学生掌握学习方法，运用已有的知识框架同化新信息，建立新的智能，逐步走向独立学习的境界。一、引导学生利用课文注释，使用工具书自己翻译，必要时教师进行点拨、解难，培养自学能力。二、告诉学生翻译文言文要遵循的原则。三、调动学生思考、讨论、交流的积极性，教师适时点拨，培养学生发现问题、解决问题的能力。四、提示学生反复诵读课文，体会文章所阐述的道理。五、鼓励学生及时归纳学习文言文的方法，注意积累文言文知识。教学程序：教学本课可安排2课时。第一课时：1、导入新课：首先给学生介绍毛泽东的七绝诗《为李进同志题所摄庐山仙人洞照》：“暮色苍茫看劲松，乱云飞渡仍从容。天生一个仙人洞，无限风光在险峰。”学生通过诵读领会了“无限风光在险峰”一句的含义。随后因势利导，引出课题，指出今天我们要学习的王安石的《游褒禅山记》，就含有类似的深邃哲理。
人教版高中语文必修3《蜀道难》说课稿2篇
（1）“问君西游何时还……使人听此凋朱颜。”诗题下未注明送何人入蜀，所以这里的“问君”无妨假定实有其人，可以读得亲切一些。将行而问“何时还”，已有不可行之意，重音要落在“不可攀”三字上，当用劝说的语气读。以下四句借鸟声渲染旅途中悲凉凄清的氛围，读时要放低声调，有干里孤身之感，至“愁空山”徐徐而上。然后用感喟的语调读主旨句，至“凋朱颜”略作一顿，以示意犹未尽。（2）“连峰去天不盈尺……胡为乎来哉！”仍是说不可行，但内容加深了一层，因为说的是蜀道的险恶。前四句不是纯客观的描写，读时须设想这是旅游者攀援于“连峰”“绝壁”之上置身于“飞湍瀑流”之间，要使听者感到惊心动魄。读后可作稍长停顿，再用“其险也如此”缓缓收住。末句是诗人借用蜀人的口气，对历险而来的游者深表叹息——“胡为乎来哉”不是询问，当用降调读，暗含“何苦而来”之意。
人教版高中生物必修2染色体变异说课稿
四、说教学程序（一）.温故知新、导入新课复习提问:基因突变导致生物变异的原因是什么?回答:基因突变是基因结构发生改变，从而使遗传信息改变，使蛋白质结构改变、生物性状改变，即生物发生了变异。那么，基因是什么?它和染色体又有何关系?回答:基因是有遗传效应的DNA片断，染色体是DNA的载体，基因在染色体上呈线形排列。引出新知:对于一个生物体来说，正常情况下，其染色体的结构和数量都是稳定的。但在自然条件或人为因素的影响下，染色体的结构和数量均会发生改变，从而导致生物性状的改变，这就属于染色体变异。（二）.把握重点、突破难点重点的把握：1、染色体结构的变异播放影片:猫叫综合征幼儿。让学生观察: 患儿哭声轻、音调高，很像猫叫。教师补充: 患儿的征状---两眼较低、耳位低下，存在着严重的智力障碍。阐述病因---染色体片段缺失
人教版高中英语必修1Journey Down the Mekong说课稿
2. let the Ss complete the forms paragraph by paragraph. Purpose here is to help Ss to get the habit of reading a passage as a whole, and pay attention to the organization of the text, as a result the Ss will fully understand the whole passage.3. ask Ss to retell the passage with the help of the key words in the form.Since the Ss in the class are in different levels, so I let them to fill in the blank to understand the meaning of the words and phrases better. ( That’s all for the while-reading. Now let’s move to the fifth step.)Step V: Post-reading (10mins) ---DiscussionIn this part students are asked to discuss in groups and list Wang Kun’s and Wang Wei’s attitudes about the trip. After that, Ss are encouraged to express their attitudes with the whole class. Collect their answers and don’t forget to praise them even if their answers may not be perfect.In this activity, discussion provides a vivid and active learning environment for Ss to communicate in English with newly learned language items. (Finally it comes to the homework.)StepⅥ: Homework (1min)1. Ss are required to read the text again after class and figure out the meaning of some complex sentences.2. Do the exercises on P19; This can help Ss to consolidate what they’ve learnt and make preparation for the next lessonPart4. Blackboard design.（说板书设计）On the top, there is the title of this lesson. On the left, there are main ideas for each paragraph. On the right, there are some new words and expressions.Unit 3 Travel journalJourney down the MekongMain idea of each para.:Para1: deciding to take a great bike trip along the Mekong river.Para2: Different attitudes between Wang kun and Wang wei.
人教版高中英语必修4Body Language说课稿4篇
Textbook: Senior English for China (Book 4), by Liu Daoyi Time Allotment: 1 period (40 minutes)Date: March 20, 2014Teaching aids: blackboard, Multi-media, Power Point, chalk I. Text Analysis （教材分析）This unit is about body language, and the text selected in the reading part demonstrates the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world. Through learning this passage, students are required to raise their awareness of using body language in different parts of the world. As body language is closely related to our daily life, it is easy to arouse students’ interest in learning this text. Reading skills and speaking training are designed around the text.II. Teaching Objectives （教学目标）By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. Language Skill Objective（语言技能目标）: develop reading ability （skimming and scanning）as well as speaking ability.2. Cultural Knowledge Objective（文化知识目标）: know about the cultural differences of using body language.3. Affective Objective（情感目标）: increase students’ awareness of using body language correctly in different cultures. III.Teaching Focuses and Difficulties（教学重点和难点）1. Teaching Focuses（教学重点）: the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world.2. Teaching Difficulties（教学难点）: develop students’ reading abilities of skimming and scanning and ask the students to show their opinions with fluent English.
人教版高中英语必修1Anne's best friend说课稿
Step 7 Language points 1．Vocabulary (1) go through (2) set down (3) a series of (4) on purpose (5) in order to (6)at dusk (7)entirely (8)face to face 2．Important sentences (1)…I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. (2)There was a time when … (3)I stayed awake on purpose until … (4)It was the first time … that I’d seen the night … (5)It’s no pleasure looking through … Purpose: 1．Master the required vocabulary and sentence structures. 2．Use them freely. Step 8 Consolidation 1．Find out the topic sentences 2．Retell the text according to the topic sentences Purpose: I want to know if my students understand the text. Step 9 Discussion Imagine you have to go into hiding like Anne and her family, what would you miss most? Giveyour reasons. Purpose: Train Ss’ oral English ability. Step 10 Homework Write an article on Friends. Purpose: 1． Improve the Ss’ writing ability. 2 Train the Ss’ ability of self—teaching and looking up information by themselves. Part 5 Blackboard design（说板书设计）Unit 1 Friendship Reading Anne’s Best Friend 1．Main idea of each paragraph: Para. 1 Anne made her diary her best friend. Para .2 Anne wrote her feelings in her diary. Para .3 Anne missed nature. Para.4 Anne saw the night face to face Para.5 Anne wanted to experience nature outdoors. 2．Listening: Exx.1 P3 3．Discussion: Exx.3 P3 Purpose: 1．Make Ss familiar with the passage 2．Make the design inductive, instructive and artistic.
人教版高中英语必修2Computers说课稿3篇
一. 教材分析1. 本单元的中心话题是“计算机（Computers）”，内容涉及计算机的发展历史，计算机的应用等。本节课是该单元的第一课时，我将Warming up, Pre-reading and Comprehending这四部分整合为一节精读课。其中。Reading部分是题为WHO AM I？的文章，以第一人称的拟人手法介绍了计算机发长演变的历史和计算机在各个领域的应用，其主旨是表达计算机的发展变化之快以及在生活中用途之广。而Warming up部分以图片的形式展现了计算机的发展历程；Pre-reading中的问题和排序分别是为了预测语篇的内容和测试学生对计算机历史了解的情况；Comprehending则通过各项练习训练学生的阅读技能，从而加深对文章的理解。可见这几部分是一个有机的整体。2. 教学目标：1) 语言目标：重点词汇及短语：abacus, calculate, calculator, PC, laptop, PDA, robot, analytical, technological, universal, mathematical, artificial, intelligent, network, explore, in common, as a result.重点句子：a. My real father was Alan Turing, who in 1963 wrote a book to describe how computers could be made to work, and build a “universal machine” to solve any mathematical problem.
人教版高中英语必修3Astronomy the science of the stars说课稿3篇
Step 2 Pre-listeningAfter students finish their discussion, I will show a picture of Newton and ask them: Who is him? What is he famous for? Could you find out some words to describe him? Maybe students will answer that he is genius for his finding of theGravitation, making a great contribution to the progress of human being. At that time I will show another two pictures of Einstein and Hawking, letting students guess who they are and write down their idea about the Gravitation. For I have arranged them to search more information about the gravity before this class, Students have beenfamiliar with the topic and will not be afraid about this abstract conception, which is helpful for their listening.Step 3 While-listeningIn this step, students will be required to listen the material for three times. The first and listening is extensive listening and the second and third listening is intensive listening. In the first time, They are required to listen a material including Part 1 and Part 2 and choose the best summary of the listening text. After they choose the right answer, They also need work in group to explain what is wrong with the others. Then I will make a conclusion that we should pay attention to the first paragraph and last paragraph and some keys to get the main idea. By doing this, their capacity of generalization will have a great improvement.Before the second listening, I will ask students to scan the blank on the power point quickly and ask them to note down some key words .Then ask them to listen to the Part 1again and fill the first column of the chart. Maybe some students just show the ideas of these three scientists an still can’t catch their development of gravity. Therefore, I will ask them to listen to Part 2 again and fill in the rest. After finish the listening, I will give them ten minutes to discuss with their partner. I will also guidethem to improve their answers when they discuss with others.
人教版高中英语必修2Wildlife Protection说课稿3篇
When it comes to the students’ studying methods, I'd like to introduce my Ss first. The Ss have a good command of basic language points. They’re interested in learning English, and they take an active part in English class, so they will have fun in autonomous, cooperative and inquiry learning. I will just serve as a guide, showing them the way to explore how to make more progress in their English learning.Now it’s time for the most important stage of this lesson. My teaching procedures are arranged as follows:Step1.Leading-in (3 minute)Play a video of a wide variety of wildlife to introduce my topic. Step2. Speaking (12 minutes)We will use our textbook Page25. Let the Ss fast read the short paragraph to warm up. Ask them to talk about the report on some endangered wildlife in China with the dialogue patterns on the screen. Lastly, I will invite some groups to demonstrate their dialogues about saving wildlife in China.Step3.English play (3 minutes)Watch another video in praise of their excellent performance just now. It’s about Jack Chen’s（成龙）and Yang Ziqiong’s wildlife protection.Step4. Listening (twice 13 minutes)This time, I’ll ask the Ss to fill in the blanks of the monologue of the 2 movie stars above. Step5.Discussion (3 minutes)Which would you like to choose to wear, clothes made of cotton, artificial leather or animal skins? Why ?Step6. Summary (3 minutes)1. If there were no wildlife, there wouldn’t exist human beings. If the buying stops, the killing can, too.2. Animals are our friends. To love animals is to love ourselves. Stop hunting, killing and destroying wildlife.3. Let’s live in harmony with all the living things in the world. Step7. Music appreciation (3 minutes)Let the Ss appreciate the song Earth Song by Michael Jackson. Last but not the least, I will show you my blackboard design.
人教版高中英语必修3Canada-the true north说课稿4篇
Good afternoon, teachers, It’s my great pleasure to be here sharing my lesson with you.The content of my lesson is Senior English Book 3 Unit 5 Canada —— “The true North”.I’ll be ready to begin this lesson from five parts. Analysis of the teaching material,the teaching methods,the studying methods, the teaching procedure,and Blackboard design.First, let me talk about the teaching material.Part 1 Teaching Material:This unit is about the introduction of Canada. By studying of this unit,we’ll enable the students to learn the geography, population, main cities, and natural beauty, natural resources of Canada. Through the training of the unit, it also requires students to learn some Language skills such as the expressions of position and emotions.So it plays an important part in the English teaching in this book.After studying the teaching material and analyzing the rule of children’s growing of mind,I think the teaching aims are the followings:1.Knowledge objects:(1) make the students learn some new words and phrases(2) make the students understand the content of the lesson.2.Ability objects:(1)To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Especially reading and speaking ability.(2) learn to talk about the characters of Canada in English(3)To train the Ss’ ability of working in pairs.3.Emotion objects:(1)Enable students to understand the characters of Canada..(2)Stimulate Ss to work hard to make China stronger.Part 2 Teaching Methods:I think helping students learn to master new words and phrases and improve the students’ reading and speaking ability is import and the difficult.According to the analysis of the teaching material and the import points and the difficult points,I will use the following teaching methods : question-guiding approach; fast-reading and careful reading; multi-media teaching methods; discussion
人教版高中英语必修4Women of achievement说课稿4篇
Good morning, distinguished judges:It’s my honor to talk about my teaching ideas with you. Today my topic is Women of Achievement. My presentation consists of six parts: the analysis of teaching material and student, teaching aims, key and difficult points, teaching and studying method, teaching procedures and blackboard design.First, let’s focus on the analysis of teaching material. This lesson is from New Senior English for China Student’s Book 4 Unit 1, the reading part. The main topic of the passage is the introduction of a student of Africanwildlife. After this lesson, the students will learn more information about her studying chimps in Africa, and their reading and speaking abilities can be developed as well.The next part is the analysis of students. My students are in senior high students. They have learnt English for many years, they’ve known many words and sentences, but their speaking and reading abilities are still not very good. So I will practice their speaking and reading abilities through different exercises.According to the New Standard Curriculum and the present situation, I set the teaching aims as follows: firstly, knowledge aims. Students can grasp some new words, such as worthwhile, move off. Moreover, students can understand the content of the passage and get familiar with the topic of studying chimps in wildlife. Secondly, ability aims. Students can use reading strategies such as skimming and scanning in reading process. Thirdly, emotional aims. Students can have the awareness of protecting animals and care about animals.Based on the above analysis, the key point of this lesson is to get the main idea and the detailed information from the passage; the difficult point is to talk about the wildlife protection and use reading strategies.
人教版高中英语必修3Healthy Eating说课稿4篇
Language learning needs a context, which can help the learners to understand the language and then can product comprehensible output, so computer has the advantages to make the materials attractive.Part 3 Learning MethodsTask-based, self-dependent and cooperative learningPart 4 Teaching ProcedureStep One Lead-in“Interest is the best teacher.” Therefore, at the very beginning of the class, I should spark the students’ mind to focus on the centre topic “the band”. I’ll show some pictures of food to attract their attention and then bring some questions.Question:What kind of food they like?What should go into a good meal?The answers must relate to the diet. After this, the students will be eager to know something about a balance diet and this is the very time to naturally lead the class into Step 2Step 2 Reading for information: skimming and scanning In this step, I use Task-based Language Teaching method, which can give students a clear and specific purpose while skimming and scanning the context.Task 1 General ideaThe students will be asked to just glance at the title and the pictures of the passage, and then guess what they will read in the text. And they’ll be divided into groups of four to have a discussion.The purpose is to inspire the students to read actively, not passively. In addition, the task is to develop the students’ reading skill by making prediction and to encourage the students to express their thoughts in English and cooperate with each other.Task 2 Main idea of each paragraphCooperative learning can raise the students’ interest and create an atmosphere of achievement. Based on this theory, I divide the whole class into 4 groups to skim the whole text and get the main idea of each paragraph.
人教版高中英语必修4Working The Land说课稿3篇
Knowledge objectives:(1) to make Ss grasp the usage of words, expressions and sentence structures: statistics, struggle, thanks to, rid of, some patterns for persuasion, the “ing” form as subject and object;(2)to use learnt knowledge to persuade sb.Ability objectives:(1) to develop Ss’ reading skills(skimming, scanning, word guessing);(2) to improve Ss’ speaking, communicating and cooperating skills.Emotional objectives:to make Ss know the contribution of Yuan,and learn his spirit and his simple life time.Teaching important and difficult points:(1) some words, expressions and sentence structures mentioned above;(2)the content of the text;(3)training their reading and speaking skills.Teaching methods: CLT, TBLT,QT.Learning strategies: CLS, QLS, TBLS.Teaching procedures:Step 1 lead-in: (1) teacher plays a piece of recent news from CCTV about the harvest of the super hybrid rice, and ask students whether they know Yuan or not, and talk about him and his contribution.(2)Brain storm: let Ss describe Yuan in their minds including his appearance, his living condition and so on.Step 2 fast reading tasks:(1)teacher introduces Yuan and super hybrid rice(2)make Ss read the text as fast as possible with questions. Such as: what’s the general ideaof this passage? What’s Yuan’ dream? (skimming and scanning skill)Step 3 intensive reading tasks(1)let Ss read the text silently, find topic sentence of each paragraph and draw the difficult sentences and the knowledge what they don’t understand.(words guessing)(2)teacher and Ss talk about the important words, expressions and sentences together, and ask Ss to retell the content of the text.(summarizing and paraphrasing)(3)teacher summarize this part.(4) read again following the courseware.
人教版高中英语必修5First aid说课稿6篇
In this class, I have 3 teaching aims, that is, knowledge aims, ability aims and emotion aims.1) Knowledge-Teach students new words and expressions, such as temporary, bleed,sprain choke, first aid, fall ill and so on.-Enable students to have a better understanding for some basic knowledge of first aid.2) Ability-Train students’ speaking, reading and writing abilities by different teaching activities, such as skimming, comprehending, team work, role play, retelling and writing.-Develop students’ reading strategy on how to move general idea to specific information.3) Emotion-Promote students’ awareness of giving first aid.- Cultivate students’ creativities.Then let’s come to my teaching methods and activities.III. Teaching methods and activities:To achieve different teaching aims, various kinds of teaching methods and activities will be adopted throughout this period, such as TBL (task-based learning), skimming, team work, brainstorm and others, which can offer students opportunities to fulfill tasks in which they can use language to achieve a specific outcome.IV. Teaching aids:Computer and blackboardV. Teaching important points:1) Make students have a clear mind for the structure of the text.2) Help students understand the theme of the text.VI. Teaching difficulties:1) So many new words may affect students’ understanding.2) How to get students to know about the functions of the skin and thecauses, characteristics and treatments for different degree burns,and the knowledge about giving first aid. VII. Blackboard design: