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人教版高中生物必修1细胞增殖说课稿
f.有丝分裂的意义（讨论分析教学），首先引导学生结合所学知识讨论有丝分裂的的作用，最后有教师归纳总结，并要求学生在理解的基础上记忆。g.无丝分裂（图形直观教学、简介），本部分内容不是教学的重点，内容也相对简单，所以我的教学方法是直接给学生展示挂图，再进行简短介绍，让学生了解即可。h.引出减数分裂的概念，为第五章学习打下基础。小结：新课讲完以后由教师对本节内容进行总结巩固和反馈：进行一些课堂练习达到巩固和反馈的作用。最后布置作业，各种难度的作业题目均设置一些，其中简单题比重大，难题要求学生选作，这样提高学生学习积极性。2教学媒体程序设计: 细胞周期的概念（多媒体课件演示周期动画）植物细胞有丝分裂（多媒体课件演示分裂各期动画）动植物细胞有丝分裂异同点（多媒体课件演示分裂各期动画）有丝分裂过程中DNA和染色体数量的变化规律（挂图演示，包括表格和函数图象）
人教版高中英语必修4Body Language说课稿4篇
Textbook: Senior English for China (Book 4), by Liu Daoyi Time Allotment: 1 period (40 minutes)Date: March 20, 2014Teaching aids: blackboard, Multi-media, Power Point, chalk I. Text Analysis （教材分析）This unit is about body language, and the text selected in the reading part demonstrates the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world. Through learning this passage, students are required to raise their awareness of using body language in different parts of the world. As body language is closely related to our daily life, it is easy to arouse students’ interest in learning this text. Reading skills and speaking training are designed around the text.II. Teaching Objectives （教学目标）By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. Language Skill Objective（语言技能目标）: develop reading ability （skimming and scanning）as well as speaking ability.2. Cultural Knowledge Objective（文化知识目标）: know about the cultural differences of using body language.3. Affective Objective（情感目标）: increase students’ awareness of using body language correctly in different cultures. III.Teaching Focuses and Difficulties（教学重点和难点）1. Teaching Focuses（教学重点）: the difference and similarity of body language in many parts of the world.2. Teaching Difficulties（教学难点）: develop students’ reading abilities of skimming and scanning and ask the students to show their opinions with fluent English.
人教版高中英语必修1Anne's best friend说课稿
Step 7 Language points 1．Vocabulary (1) go through (2) set down (3) a series of (4) on purpose (5) in order to (6)at dusk (7)entirely (8)face to face 2．Important sentences (1)…I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. (2)There was a time when … (3)I stayed awake on purpose until … (4)It was the first time … that I’d seen the night … (5)It’s no pleasure looking through … Purpose: 1．Master the required vocabulary and sentence structures. 2．Use them freely. Step 8 Consolidation 1．Find out the topic sentences 2．Retell the text according to the topic sentences Purpose: I want to know if my students understand the text. Step 9 Discussion Imagine you have to go into hiding like Anne and her family, what would you miss most? Giveyour reasons. Purpose: Train Ss’ oral English ability. Step 10 Homework Write an article on Friends. Purpose: 1． Improve the Ss’ writing ability. 2 Train the Ss’ ability of self—teaching and looking up information by themselves. Part 5 Blackboard design（说板书设计）Unit 1 Friendship Reading Anne’s Best Friend 1．Main idea of each paragraph: Para. 1 Anne made her diary her best friend. Para .2 Anne wrote her feelings in her diary. Para .3 Anne missed nature. Para.4 Anne saw the night face to face Para.5 Anne wanted to experience nature outdoors. 2．Listening: Exx.1 P3 3．Discussion: Exx.3 P3 Purpose: 1．Make Ss familiar with the passage 2．Make the design inductive, instructive and artistic.
人教版高中英语必修1English around the world说课稿
(3)v. 给：提出；展现，显现present sb. with sth. ; present sth. to sb. 把. . 交给；颁发；授予present sth. (for sth. )/present sth. to sb. e. g. Om his birthday, his friends presented him a collection of stamps. 在他生日时，他的朋友们送给他一套邮票作为礼物。The sword was presented by the family to the museum. 这家人把宝剑捐赠给了博物馆。The committee will present the final report to Parliament in June. 委员会将在六月向议会提交最后的报告。You need to present yourself better. 你需要更善于展现自己。It is essential that we present a united front. 至关重要的是我们要表现得更加团结。Step 4 ConsolidationT:Now that we have got a general idea of these words and phrases. Lets make up some sentences using them to master them. Suggested sentences:1. Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone. 2. It is one of the greatest roles that she has played. 3. A large number of people have applied for the job. 4. The number of the panda is declining. 5. I'11 go there, even if I have to walk. 6. He came up to me to ask for a light. 7. The novel is about a family who can't communicate with each other. 8. He based his plan on interests of most people. 9. Why doesn't he make use of his singing talent?Step 5 Summary and homeworkT:Today we dealt with several new words and phrases. After class I hope that youcan read them again and again to keep them in mind. That's all for today. You aredismissed.
人教版高中英语必修1Nelson Mandela--A Modern Hero说课稿
In this step, give students a few minutes to read the passage . While they are reading, I will write some key words of the text on the blackboard. Then ask students to retell the passage according to the key words.By retelling, students can improve their ability of language organization and have an overall understanding of the article.Step 4 Group discussionIn this step, students will be divided into groups of 4 to discussion the following question: What qualities make a great person?After their discussion, invite a few groups to make a report to the class.This group discussion can practice students’ oral English and cultivate their abilities of cooperation and communication.Step 5. HomeworkLet students write a short passage to introduce a great person he or she admires.The homework can consolidate the knowledge the students have learned and cultivate their writing ability. Part 6 Blackboard Design（板书设计）That’s all my teaching procedures. Finally, I’d like to say sth about part 6 blackboard design. On the top is the title. On the left, there will be some new words and expressions. In the middle of the blackboard, I will write some useful sentence structures so that the students can know clearly what they’ve learned and then try to master the knowledge.OK. That’s all for my presentation. Thank you for your attention.
人教版高中英语必修4Theme parks说课稿3篇
The oldest and the most popular park in the worldenjoy the exciting activities thereget close to the life-size cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Step 3 Pre-reading1.What do you suppose a theme park is ?2.What do you think you can see in a theme park?(1.It is a kind of amusement park which has a certain theme – that the whole park is based on. 2.buildings, castles, statues, rare animals and birds, and so on.) Step 4 Reading ----- Theme Parks –---- Fun and More Than Fun1.Predict : Read the title and the pictures on P. 34 and PredictWhat is the meaning of the title “Theme Park – Fun and more than fun”?(The title means that theme parks are fun to visit, but that they can also be educational and can offer useful information.)2.Skimming Fast read and answer:What activities can we take in a theme park?Amusement park: Bumper car Merry-go-round slide bungee jumping Free-fall rides Horror films Pirate ship Ferris wheel roller coaster3.Scanning Read again and you will find various theme parks are mentioned in the passage . Then what are they ?Theme parks: Sports theme park History theme park Culture theme park Marine or Ocean theme Park Future park Science theme park Disneyland4.Careful reading and find the main idea of each paragraph:THEME PARKS---- entertaining/ educationalPara.1 Traditional parks are places to go for relaxation and to have time away from our busy lives.Para.2 Theme parks are different They’re large and full of things to do, see and buy.Para.3 Theme parks are built around a single idea or theme. One example is a sports park.Para.4 Another kind of theme park is historical more and cultural and can be educational.Para.5 Disneylandwas the first theme park. It is based on the fantasy life and characters of Disney’s films.Para.6 Some examples of educational theme parks include sea world parks and science parks.
人教版高中英语必修5First aid说课稿6篇
In this class, I have 3 teaching aims, that is, knowledge aims, ability aims and emotion aims.1) Knowledge-Teach students new words and expressions, such as temporary, bleed,sprain choke, first aid, fall ill and so on.-Enable students to have a better understanding for some basic knowledge of first aid.2) Ability-Train students’ speaking, reading and writing abilities by different teaching activities, such as skimming, comprehending, team work, role play, retelling and writing.-Develop students’ reading strategy on how to move general idea to specific information.3) Emotion-Promote students’ awareness of giving first aid.- Cultivate students’ creativities.Then let’s come to my teaching methods and activities.III. Teaching methods and activities:To achieve different teaching aims, various kinds of teaching methods and activities will be adopted throughout this period, such as TBL (task-based learning), skimming, team work, brainstorm and others, which can offer students opportunities to fulfill tasks in which they can use language to achieve a specific outcome.IV. Teaching aids:Computer and blackboardV. Teaching important points:1) Make students have a clear mind for the structure of the text.2) Help students understand the theme of the text.VI. Teaching difficulties:1) So many new words may affect students’ understanding.2) How to get students to know about the functions of the skin and thecauses, characteristics and treatments for different degree burns,and the knowledge about giving first aid. VII. Blackboard design:
人教版高中语文必修1《鸿门宴》说课稿3篇
3、拓展延伸，启迪心智，创设课堂训练营。三、说学法1、纸上得来终觉浅，圈点、勾画、批注法，学好文言基本功。2、自主合作加探究，眼耳口脑手并用，破疑解难在其中。四、说课时安排《鸿门宴》篇幅较长，文言知识较丰富，文章内涵丰厚，因此我设计用五课时教学本文。第一课时：了解作家作品，积累文言知识，感受作者隐忍发愤的著书精神（初读）第二课时：理清故事情节，概括人物形象，学习客观地评论历史人物，（熟读）第三课时：进一步梳理文言知识，精读课文，要求读透。（精读）第四课时：通过对人物、事件的赏析，加深学生对人物的理解，锻炼学生的开放性思维，由学生自主认识到人物的性格，悲剧的原因等问题。（赏读）第五课时：补充课本教学内容：同学生一起阅读古今关于刘邦项羽的一些篇章：让学生投入进来，把握自己眼中的项羽。（展读）在文言文学习的过程中，采取五步学习法：初读-熟读-精读-赏读-展读（板书）
人教版高中语文必修3《祝福》说课稿3篇
各位评委老师，大家好。我说课的题目是《祝福》。一、说教材（一）教材所处的位置和地位高中语文新课程教材必修五本书，共有2个单元中外小说单元。一个必修3的第一单元，一个是必修5的第一单元，共六篇文章。（《林黛玉进贾府》《祝福》《老人与海》《林教头风雪山神庙》《装在套子里的人》《边城》）《祝福》是属于前者。小说是拥有众多读者的一种文体，它可以多方面刻画人物性格，描摹人物心理，完整地表现人物之间的冲突，还可以具体生动地再现人物生活的环境，因此在反映复杂的社会生活方面具有独特优势。所以学习小说这种文学样式，也是有助于学生学会鉴赏小说的基本方法，为将来的小说阅读打下基础。鲁迅的《祝福》是中国现代小说的精品，当中的人物祥林嫂也是鲁迅小说中与阿Q、孔乙己三个最为出名的人物之一。研读好这篇文章，对将来小说的阅读，小说中人物的理解，甚至小说的写作都有深广意义。
人教版高中生物必修1细胞的衰老与凋亡说课稿
4、最后从生物的寿命引入，探讨细胞的死亡。强调细胞死亡有两种形式。(1).细胞坏死，它是由某些外界因素造成细胞急速死亡，是一种被动性死亡；(2).细胞凋亡，这是一种由特定基因控制的主动性死亡。细胞坏死与细胞凋亡在形态学和生物化学上有着明显的区别。细胞凋亡有广泛的生物学意义，比如胚胎发育期手的发育如果没有细胞的调亡就不会有纤细的手指；如果没有正常的细胞调亡，蝌蚪的尾部就不会消失，它将永远不能变成青蛙……。正常的细胞调亡还肩负着维持各种组织器官固有体积和形态的功能；还会使机体内异常的细胞得到及时清除，去处潜在的隐患；例如癌症就是异常的细胞没有及时死亡的结果……。因此细胞的正常死亡是生物体的一种非常重要的调节机制，是机体平衡细胞增殖，调节机体细胞树木恒定的方式，是必不可少的生命过程。（15分钟）5、课堂小结，可以把课堂传授的知识尽快地转化为学生的素质；简单扼要的课堂小结，可使学生更深刻地理解政治理论在实际生活中的应用，并且逐渐地培养学生具有良好的个性。
人教版高中生物必修1细胞分化说课稿
在讲述细胞分化的意义时，也可以用实例来解决，工厂的生产车间里不同的工人干着不同的工作，一件产品的产出需要这些工人才能创造出来，一个生物体就像一个车间一样，不同的细胞各司其职，相互合作。工人的分工是主管调解出来的，而不同细胞的出现就是细胞分化的结果，所以说，细胞的分化是生物体发育的基础。在讲到细胞全能性的时候，要多给学生举些关于细胞全能性的例子，如植物组织培养、克隆技术等等，让学生从实际的例子中真正的悟出细胞全能性的含义。此外，还要重视教材中的疑问，适当对题目进行引申,使它的作用更加突出，有利于学生对知识的串联、积累、加工，从而达到举一反三的效果。怎样来解释细胞的全能性呢？这主要以讲授法来解释了，细胞全能性的体现需要在组织或器官离体后才能体现出来，每个细胞都包含着生物体的全套遗传基因，通过基因选择性的表达，使离体的组织或器官通过分裂和分化逐渐发育成完整的植株。
人教版高中英语必修3Astronomy the science of the stars说课稿3篇
Step 2 Pre-listeningAfter students finish their discussion, I will show a picture of Newton and ask them: Who is him? What is he famous for? Could you find out some words to describe him? Maybe students will answer that he is genius for his finding of theGravitation, making a great contribution to the progress of human being. At that time I will show another two pictures of Einstein and Hawking, letting students guess who they are and write down their idea about the Gravitation. For I have arranged them to search more information about the gravity before this class, Students have beenfamiliar with the topic and will not be afraid about this abstract conception, which is helpful for their listening.Step 3 While-listeningIn this step, students will be required to listen the material for three times. The first and listening is extensive listening and the second and third listening is intensive listening. In the first time, They are required to listen a material including Part 1 and Part 2 and choose the best summary of the listening text. After they choose the right answer, They also need work in group to explain what is wrong with the others. Then I will make a conclusion that we should pay attention to the first paragraph and last paragraph and some keys to get the main idea. By doing this, their capacity of generalization will have a great improvement.Before the second listening, I will ask students to scan the blank on the power point quickly and ask them to note down some key words .Then ask them to listen to the Part 1again and fill the first column of the chart. Maybe some students just show the ideas of these three scientists an still can’t catch their development of gravity. Therefore, I will ask them to listen to Part 2 again and fill in the rest. After finish the listening, I will give them ten minutes to discuss with their partner. I will also guidethem to improve their answers when they discuss with others.
人教版高中英语必修4A taste of English Humor说课稿3篇
Then I would ask them to think of a funny English or Chinese and tell it to partners. While telling stories, they can use expressions and some acting to help make the story funny. 5 minutes would be given to do this.Those stories they told there will be the material for their writing. Soletting them tell it at first is helpful. And they can make a difference between telling a funny story and writing it down. Generally speaking, it is difficult forstudents to write well because they don’t know what to write and how to write. Asking them to tell their own stories at first can help them come up with what to write.After their telling, I would invite someone to share his/her story with all of us and I would write it down on the blackboard.This example story would be used as a sample to illustrate the format of funny story. Different from a story from teacher or textbook, a story from students can obviously become a interesting material to draw students’ attention.Then I would ask the whole class to put this story into several parts. It might be a little bit difficult for them. So I would ask them to find out whether all the sentences are necessary. After delete some sentences, there are 6 sentences left behind. Then they can easily put them into three parts. After interaction with students, I would teach them the right terms for each part and conclude the format of funny story.This step is the key and difficult point in my lesson. So I mainly usetask-based teaching method in this part and the task for students was divided into several stages. With the separated difficult level, students can find there are usually three parts in writing. They can also learn to write without the unnecessary parts in the process of analyzing. And then I wouldn’t rush to tell them the right terms to them directly. Instead, I would ask them to name them by their own. A confused mind is better for acquiring knowledge.While-writing:Then I would give students 7 minutes to write down this story, without other requirements.With all the preparations in pre-writing, students’ difficulties were cleared. So it would be much easier for them to write down the story within 7 minutes. There are no other requirements because students’ first writing is actually a drafting. It would be revise and edit several times later. Writing, as a skill
人教版高中英语必修3Healthy Eating说课稿4篇
Language learning needs a context, which can help the learners to understand the language and then can product comprehensible output, so computer has the advantages to make the materials attractive.Part 3 Learning MethodsTask-based, self-dependent and cooperative learningPart 4 Teaching ProcedureStep One Lead-in“Interest is the best teacher.” Therefore, at the very beginning of the class, I should spark the students’ mind to focus on the centre topic “the band”. I’ll show some pictures of food to attract their attention and then bring some questions.Question:What kind of food they like?What should go into a good meal?The answers must relate to the diet. After this, the students will be eager to know something about a balance diet and this is the very time to naturally lead the class into Step 2Step 2 Reading for information: skimming and scanning In this step, I use Task-based Language Teaching method, which can give students a clear and specific purpose while skimming and scanning the context.Task 1 General ideaThe students will be asked to just glance at the title and the pictures of the passage, and then guess what they will read in the text. And they’ll be divided into groups of four to have a discussion.The purpose is to inspire the students to read actively, not passively. In addition, the task is to develop the students’ reading skill by making prediction and to encourage the students to express their thoughts in English and cooperate with each other.Task 2 Main idea of each paragraphCooperative learning can raise the students’ interest and create an atmosphere of achievement. Based on this theory, I divide the whole class into 4 groups to skim the whole text and get the main idea of each paragraph.
人教版高中英语必修4Working The Land说课稿3篇
Knowledge objectives:(1) to make Ss grasp the usage of words, expressions and sentence structures: statistics, struggle, thanks to, rid of, some patterns for persuasion, the “ing” form as subject and object;(2)to use learnt knowledge to persuade sb.Ability objectives:(1) to develop Ss’ reading skills(skimming, scanning, word guessing);(2) to improve Ss’ speaking, communicating and cooperating skills.Emotional objectives:to make Ss know the contribution of Yuan,and learn his spirit and his simple life time.Teaching important and difficult points:(1) some words, expressions and sentence structures mentioned above;(2)the content of the text;(3)training their reading and speaking skills.Teaching methods: CLT, TBLT,QT.Learning strategies: CLS, QLS, TBLS.Teaching procedures:Step 1 lead-in: (1) teacher plays a piece of recent news from CCTV about the harvest of the super hybrid rice, and ask students whether they know Yuan or not, and talk about him and his contribution.(2)Brain storm: let Ss describe Yuan in their minds including his appearance, his living condition and so on.Step 2 fast reading tasks:(1)teacher introduces Yuan and super hybrid rice(2)make Ss read the text as fast as possible with questions. Such as: what’s the general ideaof this passage? What’s Yuan’ dream? (skimming and scanning skill)Step 3 intensive reading tasks(1)let Ss read the text silently, find topic sentence of each paragraph and draw the difficult sentences and the knowledge what they don’t understand.(words guessing)(2)teacher and Ss talk about the important words, expressions and sentences together, and ask Ss to retell the content of the text.(summarizing and paraphrasing)(3)teacher summarize this part.(4) read again following the courseware.
人教版高中英语必修3The million pound bank note说课稿3篇
在接下来的细读环节，我套用了高考对阅读理解的考查方式设置了5个问题，分别为三个推理判断题，一个细节题和一个主旨大意题。学生需要对文章的内容进行分析、归纳、推理、猜测等高级思维活动才能做出正确的回答。【设计意图】这一过程是对学生进行细读的训练，培养学生获取特定信息和挖掘文章深层次信息的能力。第三环节:Intensive-reading (精读) 15′第三个环节精读，既是最重要的环节，也是突破本课重难点的关键。首先，让学生思考剧本中人物看到百万英镑前后的态度发生了怎样的变化。其次，让学生仔细阅读文章，找出可以表现人物态度变化的具体的语言和动作。最后，让学生总结人物的态度发生变化的根本原因是什么，从而引出Money Talks, 供学生思考。【设计意图】通过一系列的活动培养学生学习从人物的语言和动作探究人物的心理，使学生进一步体会戏剧语言的魅力，从而对文章背后所反映的社会问题进行思考，也为下一步的讨论环节做好铺垫。
人教版高中英语必修5Great scientists说课稿4篇
通过写文章梗概，培养学生综合运用语言的能力，学习用恰当的英语描述科学家的故事。这是本课的教学难点。教师可以使用完形填空的方式来帮助学生整理语篇，从而来降低难度。本课的教学重点的突破方法是：在阅读前，让学生初步了解得出科学观点所需要的基本程序，从而轻松而自然地导入文章的阅读；在阅读过程中，由易到难设计快速阅读和精读的问题，层层推进各种阅读活动，让学生对阅读内容从整体感知到细节理解，最后深层读懂整篇文章，同时加强阅读策略的指导，让每个学生都主动参与课堂教学活动，最终达到提高阅读能力的目的。Step 4 Post-readingGroup Activities四人小组共同合作，在老师的适当指导下，就以下2个问题展开讨论，让学生就所知、所学、所感和所想融入话题，然后抽若干同学代表作小组发言。1. What do you think about John Snow, and what should we learn from him?2. Cholera was 19th century disease, which two diseases are similar to cholera today? Why?
人教版高中语文必修5《说“木叶”》教案
【教学目标】Ⅰ、学习理解诗歌语言的暗示性特质。Ⅱ、根据诗歌语言的特质，进行迁移，领略诗歌的精妙之处，给同学如何鉴赏诗歌提供实感。㈠、导入：各位同学，有个成语叫"一字千金"。对我而言，第一次领略到一个字的分量，是在小学三年级的时候，一次作文评析课上。当时我对自己的文章充满了期待，希望能得到老师的赞赏。记得老师进来后的第一句话是"有一篇文章，我就冲它用了一个字，我给它打95分。打这样的高分，对我来说，是极为难得的。"同学都充满了好奇，老师接着说"这个字就是一个'悟'字。我们的同学都说我学到了，我明白了，我懂得了一个道理，而这位同学却用了一个'悟'字，难能可贵。"这篇文章不是我的，在羡慕的同时，一个字在文章中的分量就深深的刻在了我的心上。文学作品中，一个字精妙与否，足以决定作品是流光溢彩，还是黯然失色。尤其是我们的古典诗词，用简短的几个字，造就的却是丰富的情感与博大的意境。读后满口余香，却是妙处难与君说。这跟诗歌的语言是密不可分的。今天，我们就通过《说"木叶"》一文，对中国古典诗词语言特质作一番探幽。
人教版高中历史必修2中国民族资本主义的曲折发展说课稿2篇
2．民族工业的遭受打击自主探究4：阅读【历史纵横】和教材插图，探究抗战时期民族走向萎缩的原因有哪些？在沦陷区日军的摧毁和吞并；在国统区国民政府强化对经济的全面统治；官僚资本垄断经济命脉，压制民族工业牟取暴利。造成了什么后果？（官僚资本的膨胀，民族资本的萎缩）3、民族工业的萎缩讨论：为什么抗战胜利了，民族资本主义工业反而日益萎缩呢？学生通过合作学习，对教材提供的资料进行认真分析，认识到美国的经济掠夺、官僚资本的挤压、通货膨胀三个因素的共同作用，使民族工业陷入绝境，纷纷倒闭。抗战胜利后，国民政府虽采取了一些措施推动国民经济的发展，但是，国民政府为了取得美国的援助，不惜出卖国家主权，与美国在1946年签订《中美友好通商航海条约》，让美国在华攫取政治、经济等特权。中国民族工业纷纷破产。
人教版高中历史必修2殖民扩张与世界市场的拓展说课稿2篇
精讲拓宽：师：（精讲）英国位于大西洋中的不列颠岛上，东、南隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望，具备了扩大海外贸易的得天独厚的条件。新航路开辟以后，欧洲的商路和贸易中心发生了变化，主要商路从地中海转移到大西洋沿岸。英国积极参与了海外贸易的竞争。请同学们思考：英国资本主义是怎样发展起来的呢？生1：像荷兰一样，英国位于大西洋沿岸，具备了扩大海外贸易的得天独厚的条件。生2：更主要的是英国政府组建了东印度公司，大力发展海外贸易，进行海外殖民扩张。生3：英国是岛国，在资产阶级革命以后建立起来的资产阶级政府，十分重视海军建设，为争夺殖民地提供了军事保障。生4：还有一个原因不能忽视，那就是英国的煤炭和羊毛资源丰富，手工业发达，为它的海外殖民活动奠定了雄厚的物质基础。师：（过渡）其实，英国资本主义的发展过程，就是它殖民霸权地位的确立过程，也就是与其他殖民国家不断斗争并取得胜利的过程。英国先后与哪些国家发生过争夺战争呢？