【明确】“一夫当关,万夫莫开”言剑阁有易守难攻的险要形势,暗示中央朝廷的部队很不容易打进来,因而野心家可以据险发动叛乱,“化为狼与豺”,搞地方割据。如果割据势力之间出现矛盾冲突,难免要发生混战,结果必定是“杀人如麻”。诗人这番预言在十多年后就得到了证实:从上元二年到大历初即有段子璋、徐知道、崔旰等人相继发动叛乱。诗人的意图是要严防野心家发难。诗人从剑阁的险要引出对政治形势的描写。他化用西晋张载《剑阁铭》中形胜之地,匪亲勿居的语句,目的在于劝人引以为鉴戒,警惕战乱的发生,并联系当时的社会背景,揭露了蜀中豺狼的磨牙吮血,杀人如麻,这既是描写蜀道猛兽,又是影射政治黑暗的双关语句,表达了对国事的忧虑与关切,为诗篇增加了现实的内涵、深厚的意蕴。唐天宝初年,太平景象背后正潜伏着危机,后来发生的安史之乱,证明诗人的忧虑是有现实意义的。
小结人们对待祥林嫂这个“嫁而再寡”的不幸女人态度:①、鲁四老爷的态度:不让她干祭祀的活(71、73、75、108通过四婶先后三喊“你放着罢”,杀人不见血地葬送了祥林嫂的性命。而其中尤以最后一次对其打击最大)。鲁四老爷站在顽固维护封建宗法制度的立场上,从精神上残酷地虐杀她。他暗暗地告诫四婶的那段话,就是置祥林嫂于死地而又不露一丝血痕的软刀子。②、鲁四婶的态度:鲁四婶是“大户人家的太太”,头一次留祥林嫂是看她能干,祥林嫂被婆家绑架走以后,她害怕给自己家惹麻烦。之后她惦念祥林嫂不是因为关心她的命运,而是自己的佣人都没有祥林嫂那样可心。以后祥林嫂再来,她“起初还踌蹰”,后来倒是真心怜悯祥林嫂,留下她。但是祥林嫂不像过去那样灵活能干了,四婶开始“不满”,进而“警告”,最后把祥林嫂赶出家门。可以说,四婶只是把祥林嫂当成一件工具罢了,没有把她当人来看。
一、明确目标1.注意小传的写作特色,如小传的“小”以及是怎样小中见大的。2.引导学生进行综合把握和比较阅读以更好地理解课文内容,看看在写法上各自有什么不同。3.一词多义的准确知识运用二、整体感知1.解题李商隐的《李贺小传》有别于一般传记文的客观直叙,是一篇性情之文;同时也和作者的诗歌风格相异,写得朴实自然而又不乏意趣。2.本文所体现的“小传”的特点本文最大的特点在于:小传虽小,但小中有大、以小见大。其“小”在于:作者并没有全面勾勒诗人李贺的一生,对他的生平经历也记叙不多,而是选取了他生活中的若干小片段进行插叙,以小片段撑起传记的主干。此外,在篇幅上,全文寥寥数百字,语言极为精练。而其“大”又体现在:极小极短的篇幅却具有很大的容量,集叙事、议论和曲折的抒情于一体。内容浑厚,意味深长。
(2)个性化的对话描写。在三个事件的描述中,大段对话占了很大篇幅,有的情节干脆由对话来表达,许多对话形象地表现了人物的思想和性格,使我们如闻其声,如见其人。先说蔺相如,他在秦廷上的慷慨陈词,有时语气平和,谦恭有礼,使对方放松警惕;有时直言斥责,有理有据,雄辩折人;有时坚决表态,分析利害,暗示对方;有时怒不可遏,咄咄逼人。总之,词锋犀利,刚柔兼施,而又轻重恰当,充分表现了他是一个热爱祖国、不畏强暴、有智有勇,长于辞令的外交家。再说廉颇,在将相交欢事件中,他先前说的这一番话,表现了他的自高自大和心胸狭窄,非常符合武将廉颇的性格特点,后来写他知过改过,负荆请罪时说:“鄙贱之人,不知将军宽之至此也!”语言不多,坦诚直率,可敬可爱。(解说:对话描写的分析,宜以学生为主,教师必要时适当点拨。)
【教学目标】1.熟读全文,掌握文中出现的重要的实词、虚词、古汉语句式;2.鉴赏本文融情于事的表达和形象精粹的语言;3.深入体会文章凄切婉转的陈情技巧。【教学重点】重要的古汉语语词知识【教学难点】理解作者当时的处境和李密祖孙间真挚深厚的感情【教学方法】作为教读课,选择串讲的方式,突出朗读,以期能做到既落实知识,又能体会文章之美。课时安排为两课时。要重点做好预习工作。【教学步骤】一、以苏轼的评论导入读《出师表》不下泪者,其人必不忠;读《陈情表》不下泪者,其人必不孝;读《祭十二郎文》不下泪者,其人必不友二、预习检测1、下列红色字注音完全正确的一项()A、臣以险衅(xìn)夙遭闵(mǐn)凶终鲜(xiǎn)兄弟常在床蓐(rù)B、猥(wěi)以微贱责臣逋(bǔ)慢犹蒙衿(jīn)育宠命优渥(wò)C、岂敢盘桓(huán)有所希冀(yì)日薄(bó)西山除臣洗(xiǎn)马D、逮(dǎi)奉圣朝过蒙拔擢(zhuó)门衰祚(zuò)薄更(gēng)相为命分析:B责臣逋(bū)慢,C有所希冀(jì),D逮(dài)奉圣朝。
采用明段意分段法:先逐段概括段意,然后用合并同类项法把相关联紧缩密的自然段合在一起。全文五个自然段中,二、三、四自然段讲的都是张衡取得的科学成就,自然应合为一大段。这样,就理清了文章的结构。全文可分为三个部分:(1)写张衡的品格和文才①(2)写张衡在科学技术上取得的成就(②③④)(3)写张衡的政治才干(⑤)第二部分是文章的重点,又可分为两层:一是仕途情况,以及制作浑天仪和著《灵宪》、《算图论》的情况;一是专门介绍候风地支仪。显然,后者又是第二部分的重点。作者这样处理文章的详略安排。无疑是非常正确的,因为张衡一生有多方面的才能和成就,而他在科技方面的才能和创造发明最为突出,理应成为本文记叙的重点。四、小结1.了解全文的内容和结构,掌握明段意分段法。2.了解文章的详略安排。五、作业
三.分析第三部分:1.夫妻赠诗表现了二人怎样的心情?提示:崔莺莺告诫张生切勿忘记她;张生则发誓永无别恋。这充分展示了二人深厚的情谊。2.怎样理解[耍孩儿]中的典故?提示:“红泪”借王嘉《拾遗记》的典故,司马青衫借白居易《琵琶行》的典故,表现主人公因离别而生的伤心之情。“伯劳飞去燕西归”则用牛郎织女的典故表现两人缠绵难舍的心情。3.[五煞]表明了主人公怎样的心情?提示:对张生的生活的关心,千叮万嘱,真情自现。4.[二煞]中所用是几个典故?这些典故的作用是什么?提示:三个典故,见课本。其作用是表明崔莺莺对张生的担心。四.分析第四部分:1.[一煞]中再写环境,其作用是否与先前所写相同?提示:稍有不同,这里是表现崔莺莺目送张生远去时那种凄怆悲苦的眷恋之情。以所见之物,写内心深藏之情。2.[收尾]中写‘残照’其含义是什么?提示:以“残照”表现内心的怅惘失意之情。
【教学过程】第一课时一、导入新课清代唐彪在《读书作文谱》中引用武叔卿的话说:“文章有一笔写成不加点缀而工者,此神到之文,尚矣。其次须精思细改,如文章草创已定,便从头至尾—一标点。”同学们能列举出文学史上的作家哪些属于前者,哪些属于后者吗?前者有李白。后者如贾岛、王安石、欧阳修、曹雪芹等。(贾岛有关于推敲的典故。王安石修改“春风又绿江南岸”句传为佳话。欧阳修《醉翁亭记》的开头便是精心改成的。《红楼梦》更是“披阅十载,增删五次。”)提问:古今的伟大作家为什么像李白式的诗人很少,而大多数人却都要“咬文嚼字”,苦苦修改呢?这节课我们就来研究一下这个问题。二、整体感知1.快速浏览全文,熟悉主要内容。2.根据“学习重点”,确立学习目标。三、课文分析1.理清观点与材料的关系。首先,让学生找出本文在论证中所运用的材料。
二、课堂教学:1、学生简介背景:教师掌握:汉武帝开始对匈奴进行长期的讨伐战争,其中取得了三次具有决定意义的胜利,时间为公元前127年、前121年、前119年。匈奴的威势大大削弱之后,表示愿意与汉讲和,但双方矛盾还是根深蒂固。所以,到公元前100年,苏武出使匈奴时,却被扣留,并迫使他投降。《苏武传》集中叙写了苏武出使匈奴被扣留期间的事迹,热烈颂扬了他在敌人面前富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈,饥寒压不倒,私情无所动的浩然正气,充分肯定了他坚毅忠贞,大义凛然,视死如归的民族气节。2、作者介绍:班固(32——92年),字孟坚,扶风安陵(今陕西咸阳市东)人。东汉著名的史学家。《后汉书·班固传》称他“年九岁,能属文,诵诗赋。及长,遂博贯载籍,九流百家之言,无不穷究。所学无常师,不为章句,举大义而已”。其父班彪曾续司马迁《史记》作《史记后传》,未成而故。
③于是,大自然出现了惊人的奇迹,不毛的石缝间丛生出倔强的生命。④或者就只是一簇一簇无名的野草,春绿秋黄。岁岁枯荣。它们只有三两片长长的细瘦的薄叶,那细微的叶脉,告知你生存该是多么艰难;更有的。它们就在一簇一簇瘦叶下自己生长出根须,只为了少向母体吮吸一点乳汁,便自去寻找那不易被觉察到的石缝。这就是生命,如果这是一种本能,那么它正说明生命的本能是多么尊贵,生命有权自认为辉煌壮丽,生机竟是这样地不可扼制。⑤或者就是一团一团小小的山花,大多又都是那苦苦的蒲公英。它们不似田野上的同宗长得那样茁壮,它们的茎显得坚韧而苍老。它们的叶因枯萎而失却光泽。它们已经不能再去为人们作佐餐的鲜嫩的野菜,却默默地为攀登山路的人准备了一个可靠的抓手。生命就这样地被环境规定着,又被环境改变着,适者生存的规律尽管无情。但一切适者就是战胜环境的强者。生命现象告诉你,生命就是拼搏。
2.【提问】《醉花阴》反映的是早年丈夫赵明诚游宦在外,作者一个人留在家中的生活状况和内心感受。对于这样的“闺怨”题材,应当怎样评价呢?【明确】作者作为一个封建时代的妇女,能够坦率地表达出自己对于丈夫深深的思恋之情,描写了闺中生活的孤独寂寞,这在当时乃是一种很大胆的行为。所以,有人批评说:李清照作词是“无顾忌”地“肆意落笔”。其实,感情的充沛、真挚,敢于正面地展露自己的行为和内心世界,正是她创作成功的重要原因之一,也正是她的词最值得珍视的地方。3.【提问】古人常常爱用花比喻人之美貌,如“芙蓉如面柳如眉”,“人面桃花相映红”等,而李清照却说“人比黄花瘦”,这样的比喻有什么丰富的内涵?【明确】黄色的菊花不止外形上雅淡、清秀,与作者因相思而消瘦的体态相近,而且在菊花品格的传统象征意义上,也酷似作者清高、淡泊的精神,这样的比喻正比较恰切地反映了当时作者由于离开丈夫而孤独、愁闷的生活状态和内心情感。
(2)根据材料二与所学知识,从经济、政治、思想文化三个方面,分析欧洲近代科技迅速发展的原因。答:资本主义工商业的成长刺激了对技术的需求,为近代科技的发展提供了工具和手段;资产阶级革命为资本主义发展、科技进步开辟了道路;人文主义和理性精神解放了思想,推动近代科技迅速发展。(如答出其它原因,言之有理,可酌情加分,但不得超过该问总分)(3)根据材料二三与所学知识,分析清代(鸦片战争前)中国科技发展停滞的原因。答:君主专制维系腐朽制度;重农抑商、闭关政策阻碍资本主义萌芽发展;自然经济不能提供近代科技发展的物质基础;文化专制政策(或崇尚理学、八股取士、文字狱等)禁锢思想,摧残人才,阻碍科技发展。(如答出其它原因,言之有理,可酌情加分,但不得超过该问总分。)(4)简述从中西方科技发展变化的历史中得到的启示。答:评分说明:围绕生产力发展,政治经济变革、思想解放与科技发展的关系等任一角度回答,言之有理,均可酌情赋分
3、文化是人们的一种素养(1)人的文化素养是在社会生活、实践中形成的。每个人所具有的文化素养,不是天生的,而是通过对社会生活的体验,特别是通过参与文化生活、接受知识文化教育而逐步培养出来的。文化素养的形成,离不开生活、实践和教育。人们在社会实践中创造和发展文化,也在社会生活中获得和享用文化。(2)人的文化素养表现在日常言行中。教师活动:引导学生阅读教材7页“公交车漫画”材料,并思考所反映的问题学生活动:积极思考并讨论问题教师点评:人们的精神活动离不开物质活动,人们的文化素养总是要通过他在日常生活中的言行、在社会实践活动中的表现等表现出来。我们通过观察人们的社会行为,就可以从中透视人们的精神世界和精神生活。4、文化的传承和发展离不开物质载体。社会文化和精神产品离不开物质载体,一个时代的文化和精神产品,往往是这一时代社会发展轨迹的反映。
This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.
2.表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作(该动作在说话的瞬间未必正在进行)。Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.(说话时,并不一定正在进行)3.表示一种经常性的被动行为,常和always,constantly 等表示频度的副词连用,这种用法常常带有赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩。He is always being praised by the leader.4.表示按计划或安排主语将要承受谓语动词所表示的动作(仅限于少数及物动词)。A party is being held tonight.Step 4 Special cases1.像take care of, look after, talk about, think of等动词与介词构成的短语用于现在进行时的被动语态时, 其中的介词不可省略。The ways to stop illegally hunting are being talked about. 2.可与部分情态动词连用,表示对正在发生的事情的推测。She may be being punished by her mother.3.有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动动作。A celebration is being held this weekend for his success.4.某些表示“状态、心理活动、存在”等的动词,如have,want,need,love,一般不用现在进行时的被动语态,而常用一般现在时的被动语态。With the population increasing,more land is needed.5.“be+under/in+n.”可表示现在进行时的被动意义。My computer is under repair.=My computer is being repaired.
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.” Due to the continuous deterioration of the living environment, a large number of wild animals are always facing the threat of endangered or extinction. Listening and speaking period enables students to understand the fact and reason why wild species are disappearing from the earth at an amazing speed, and realize that human beings ought to enhance the awareness of protecting wild species as soon as possible.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of " how to help wildlife in Ss’ neighborhood.". Now there are many volunteers who spontaneously protect wild animals, carry out various activities according to local conditions, and contribute their own strength to local animal protection with practical actions. Middle school students are also enthusiastic participants. They organize activities in their spare time, and take this opportunity to make friends, broaden their horizons, cultivate team spirit and communication skills. This section describes a bird watching activity organized by several middle school students of Bird watching Club. It aims to stimulate students' interest, improve their understanding of bird watching activities, and use the language structure of “being used for; in order to, so as to, to, so that, in order that ” to express the purpose for communication and discussion.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of using visuals to predict content.2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I am concerned about…” “what do you know about the endangered animals in…" and so on to talk about one of the endangered animals.
This lesson is about wildlife protection. The listening and speaking is about “How to protect endangered wildlife ?” Faced with the facts and numbers of wildlife loss, people begin to detect the reasons, then people such as the celebrities (Prince William and Yao Ming) are calling on to protect them. So students are guided to enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife and try to take part in some volunteer activities of protecting wildlife.1. Predict the content by using visuals. 2. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?3. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.4. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.5. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.1. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.2. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.3. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?4. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.Part A Listening and Speaking--- How to save endangered wildlifeStep 1 Lead in1. Point at the pictures on P14 and ask Q1: What message do these posters share?
The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “The Present Perfect Passive Voice.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the Present Perfect Passive Voice. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar。This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the Present Perfect Passive Voice2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the Present Perfect Passive Voice flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the Present Perfect Passive Voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper the Present Perfect Passive Voice.观察下列句子特点,总结共同点。1.(教材P28)Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.2.(教材P28)But the Internet has done much more for people than simply make life more convenient.3.(教材P28)Many people have been helped by the club.4.(教材P28)She no longer feels lonely, and her company has become quite successful.5.(教材P32)Today I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times—how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences on the Internet?
From the pictures in the text and the title--- choose the best app, we can know that this part is about how to save money by using apps.Step 2 While-listening1. Laura and Xiao Bo are talking about apps. Listen to their conversation and find out what apps they want.Xiao Bo is looking for a(n) exercise app to help him get in shape.Laura would like an app for getting rich and another that will make her grades better.2. Listen again. Are the sentences true T or false F?1). Both of Xiao Bo's apps keep track of the steps he takes._____2). Xiao Bo's second app can help him make a fitness plan._____3). Laura needs an app that will help her get discounts.______4). Laura needs an app that will add money to her bank account._______F T F T3. Listen once more and tick the sentence you hear. Underline the words used to express predictions, guesses, and beliefs.Predictions, Guesses, and Beliefs________It might help me walk more.________My guess is that it wouldn't work.________I imagine this app would help me get fit faster________I suppose that would be good.________I guess you could save a little with this app.________I suppose there would be some problems, too.________I believe this app could help me get thinner.
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