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山东省济宁市2018年中考历史真题试题（含答案）
本试题分第I卷和第II卷两部分。考试时间60分钟。共50分第I卷（选择题题共20分）选择题（下列各题的四个选项中，只有一项符合题意，每小题1分，共20分）1．年代尺有助于我们了解事件的先后顺序，“秦王扫六合，虎视何雄截！”李白诗中的秦王扫六合该出现在下面年代尺的2．钱穆在《中国历史研究法》中说：“至秦汉以后，中国学术大致归宗于儒家，此非各家尽被排斥之谓，实是后起儒家能荟萃先秦各家之重要精义，将之尽行吸收，融会为一。”对此理解正确的是A．汉代儒学取得独尊地位，异己遭到排斥 B．秦汉以后，儒学得到丰富和更新C．汉初儒学融合了佛教、道教思想 D．儒学在汉代成为官方哲学3．认知和探究历史地图，从中提取有效信息，是学习和研究历史的重要方法。右图反映的史实是A．玄奘西行B．鉴真东渡C．文成公主入藏D．王昭君出塞4．我国古代的中医文化辉煌灿烂，惠及后人，是传 统文化的瑰宝，下列属于中医学著作的是①《本草纲目》 ②《天工开物》③《伤寒杂病论》 ④《九章算术》A．①②③ B．①②③④C．①③ D．①③④5．细心研读材料，有助于我们更加深人地挖掘其内在含义。阅读右边材料，从中不能提取到的信息是A．张骞出使西域B．郑和下西洋C．体现了古代的对外开放和友好交往D．体现了我国古代的对外交往既有反抗外来侵略，也有友好往来
山东省济宁市2017年中考历史真题试题（含答案）
【首创统一】材料一 战国以来，政治上的分裂状态阻碍了社会发展，随着各国间经济文化联系不断加强，统一成为大势所趋……商鞅变法使秦国逐渐成为七国中实力最强的国家。秦王嬴政亲政后，坚持开放进取政略，博采六国之长，搜罗任用各国人才，加快了扫平六国统一天下的步伐。——摘自新北师版教材七年级上册1．结合材料一，分析秦为什么能兼并六国实现统一？（2分，用自己的语言概括总结）2．有历史学家说：“中国的政治统一完成于秦始皇，而中国的文化统一完成于汉武帝。”结合所学知识说明“中国的文化统一完成于汉武帝”。（1分）
山东省济南市2017年中考历史真题试题（含答案）
材料三 每当人们在中国的文献中查找一种具体的科技史料时，往往会发现它的焦点在宋代，不管在应用科学方面还是在纯粹科学方面都是如此。……中国的科技发展到宋朝，已呈巅峰状态。在许多方面实际上已经超过了18世纪中叶工业革命前的英国或欧洲的水平。——（英）李约瑟《中国科学技术史》
山东省济南市2017年中考历史真题试题（含答案）
材料一 朝廷在故都（东京开封）时，实仰东南财赋，而吴中又为东南根柢，语曰：“苏湖熟，天下足”。——摘自《陆游集》41．材料一描述的这种现象出现在哪一时期？“苏湖熟，天下足”反映了这一时期的什么特征？（4分）
山东省济宁市2018年中考历史真题试题（含解析）
山东省济宁市2018年中考历史真题试题一、选择题（下列各题的四个选项中，只有一项符合题意，每小题1分，共20分）1．（1分）年代尺有助于我们了解事件的先后顺序。“秦王扫六合，虎视何雄哉!”李白诗中的秦王扫六合应该出现在下面年代尺的（ ）A．A B．B C．C D．D【分析】本题以年代尺有助于我们了解事件的先后顺序为切入点，考查的是秦朝的史实。【解答】材料中李白诗赞扬的是秦王赢政统一六国的光辉业迹，秦王赢政灭掉东方六国的时间是公元前221年，是公元前3世纪。故选：A。【点评】本题考查学生对历史史实的准确识记和理解能力。注意掌握秦朝建立的相关知识点。2．（1分）铁穆在《中国历史研究法》中说：“至秦汉以后，中国学术大致归宗于儒家，此非各家尽被排斥之谓，实是后起儒家能荟萃先秦各家之重要精义，将之尽行吸收，融会为一。”对此理解正确的是（ ）A．汉代儒学取得独尊地位，异已遭到排斥B．秦汉以后，儒学得到丰富和更新C．汉初儒学融合了佛教、道教思想D．儒学在汉代成为官方哲学【分析】本题考查了儒家学说，注意从题干材料中获取信息。【解答】题干材料特别强调了“至秦汉以后，中国学术大致归宗于儒家，此非各家尽被排斥之谓”据此可排除A；“实是后起儒家能荟萃先秦各家之重要精义，将之尽行吸收，融会为一。”表明秦汉以后，中国学术大致归宗于儒家是由于秦汉以后，儒学得到丰富和更新。题干材料未提及佛教和道教及儒学在汉代成为官方哲学。故选：B。【点评】本题属于材料型选择题，主要考查学生的阅读分析能力，解答此类必须认真阅读材料，结合所学知识提炼材料中的重要信息和观点。3．（1分）认知和探究历史地图，从中提取有效信息，是学习和研究历史的重要方法。右图反映的史实是（ ）A．玄奘西行 B．鉴真东渡 C．文成公主入藏 D．王昭君出塞【分析】本题以历史地图为切入点，考查的是唐朝对外交往的相关知识点。【解答】分析图片可知，体现了唐朝时中国与天竺交往频繁，最杰出的使者是高僧玄奘。贞观初年（唐太宗时），他从长安出发，历经艰险，前往天竺，在那烂陀寺游学，成为著名的佛学大师。贞观后期，携带大量佛经回国。他专心翻译佛经，还以亲身见闻写成《大唐西域记》，成为研究中亚、印度半岛以及我国新疆地区历史和佛学的重要典籍，所以A选项符合题意。故选：A。【点评】本题考查学生对历史史实的准确识记和理解能力。注意掌握唐朝对外交往的有关内容。4．（1分）我国吉代的中医文化辉煌灿烂，惠及后人，是传统文化的瑰宝。下列属于中医学著作的是（ ）①《本草纲目》②《天工开物》③《伤寒杂病论》④《九章算术》A．①②③ B．①②③④ C．①③ D．①③④【分析】本题以我国古代的中医文化辉煌灿烂，惠及后人，是传统文化的瑰宝为依托，考查明朝三部科学巨著的知识点。注意掌握相关基础知识。
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Learning about Language教学设计
Step 7: complete the discourse according to the grammar rules.Cholera used to be one of the most 1.__________ (fear) diseases in the world. In the early 19th century, _2_________ an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died. But neither its cause, 3__________ its cure was understood. A British doctor, John Snow, wanted to solve the problem and he knew that cholera would not be controlled _4_________ its cause was found. In general, there were two contradictory theories 5 __________ explained how cholera spread. The first suggested that bad air caused the disease. The second was that cholera was caused by an _6_________(infect) from germs in food or water. John Snow thought that the second theory was correct but he needed proof. So when another outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, he began to investigate. Later, with all the evidence he _7_________ (gather), John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Therefore, he had the handle of the pump _8_________ (remove) so that it couldn't be used. Through his intervention，the disease was stopped in its tracks. What is more, John Snow found that some companies sold water from the River Thames that __9__________________ (pollute) by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely _10_________ (get) cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through John Snow's efforts, the _11_________ (threaten) of cholera around the world saw a substantial increase. Keys： 1.feared 2.when 3. nor 4.unless 5.that/which 6.infection 7.had gathered 8.removed 9.was polluted 10.to get 11. threat
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Reading and thinking教学设计
Step 5： After learning the text, discuss with your peers about the following questions:1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.keys:1. John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2. No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3. SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.Step 6: Consolidate what you have learned by filling in the blanks:John Snow was a well-known _1___ in London in the _2__ century. He wanted to find the _3_____ of cholera in order to help people ___4_____ it. In 1854 when a cholera __5__ London, he began to gather information. He ___6__ on a map ___7___ all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had ___8____ (drink) the dirty water from the __9____ died. So he decided that the polluted water ___10____ cholera. He suggested that the ___11__ of all water supplies should be _12______ and new methods of dealing with ____13___ water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was __14_____.Keys: 1. doctor 2. 19th 3.cause 4.infected with 5.hit 6.marked 7.where 8.drunk 9.pump 10.carried 11.source 12.examined 13.polluted 14.defeatedHomework: Retell the text after class and preview its language points
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Using langauge教学设计
This happens because the dish soap molecules have a strong negative charge, and the milk molecules have a strong positive charge. Like magnets, these molecules are attracted to each other, and so they appear to move around on the plate, taking the food coloring with them, making it look like the colors are quickly moving to escape from the soap.Listening text:? Judy: Oh, I'm so sorry that you were ill and couldn't come with us on our field trip. How are you feeling now? Better?? Bill: Much better, thanks. But how was it?? Judy: Wonderful! I especially liked an area of the museum called Light Games.it was really cool. They had a hall of mirrors where I could see myself reflected thousands of times!? Bill: A hall of mirrors can be a lot of fun. What else did they have?? Judy: Well, they had an experiment where we looked at a blue screen for a while, and then suddenly we could see tiny bright lights moving around on it. You'll never guess what those bright lights were!? Bill: Come on, tell me!? Judy: They were our own blood cells. For some reason, our eyes play tricks on us when we look at a blue screen, and we can see our own blood cells moving around like little lights! But there was another thing I liked better. I stood in front of a white light, and it cast different shadows of me in every color of the rainbow!? Bill: Oh, I wish I had been there. Tell me more!? Judy: Well, they had another area for sound. They had a giant piano keyboard that you could use your feet to play. But then, instead of playing the sounds of a piano, it played the voices of classical singers! Then they had a giant dish, and when you spoke into it, it reflected the sound back and made it louder. You could use it to speak in a whisper to someone 17 meters away.? Bill: It all sounds so cool. I wish I could have gone with you? Judy: I know, but we can go together this weekend. I'd love to go there again!? Bill: That sounds like a great idea!
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 3 Food and Culture-Reading and thinking教学设计
The discourse explores the link between food and culture from a foreign’s perspective and it records some authentic Chinese food and illustrates the cultural meaning, gerography features and historic tradition that the food reflects. It is aimed to lead students to understand and think about the connection between food and culture. While teaching, the teacher should instruct students to find out the writing order and the writer’s experieces and feelings towards Chinese food and culture.1.Guide the students to read the text, sort out the information and dig out the topic.2.Understand the cultural connotation, regional characteristics and historical tradition of Chinese cuisine3.Understand and explore the relationship between food and people's personality4.Guide the students to use the cohesive words in the text5.Lead students to accurately grasp the real meaning of the information and improve the overall understanding ability by understanding the implied meaning behind the text.1. Enable the Ss to understand the structure and the writing style of the passage well.2. Lead the Ss to understand and think further about the connection between food and geography and local character traits.Step1: Prediction before reading. Before you read, look at the title, and the picture. What do you think this article is about?keys:It is about various culture and cuisine about a place or some countries.
人教版高中数学选修3离散型随机变量及其分布列(2)教学设计
温故知新 1.离散型随机变量的定义可能取值为有限个或可以一一列举的随机变量,我们称为离散型随机变量.通常用大写英文字母表示随机变量,例如X,Y,Z;用小写英文字母表示随机变量的取值,例如x,y,z.随机变量的特点: 试验之前可以判断其可能出现的所有值，在试验之前不可能确定取何值；可以用数字表示2、随机变量的分类①离散型随机变量:X的取值可一、一列出；②连续型随机变量:X可以取某个区间内的一切值随机变量将随机事件的结果数量化．3、古典概型:①试验中所有可能出现的基本事件只有有限个；②每个基本事件出现的可能性相等。二、探究新知探究1.抛掷一枚骰子,所得的点数X有哪些值？取每个值的概率是多少？ 因为X取值范围是{1，2，3，4，5，6}而且"P(X=m)"=1/6,m=1,2,3,4,5,6.因此X分布列如下表所示
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 1 Science and Scientists-Discovering useful structures教学设计
The grammatical structure of this unit is predicative clause. Like object clause and subject clause, predicative clause is one of Nominal Clauses. The leading words of predicative clauses are that, what, how, what, where, as if, because, etc.The design of teaching activities aims to guide students to perceive the structural features of predicative clauses and think about their ideographic functions. Beyond that, students should be guided to use this grammar in the context apporpriately and flexibly.1. Enable the Ss to master the usage of the predicative clauses in this unit.2. Enable the Ss to use the predicative patterns flexibly.3. Train the Ss to apply some skills by doing the relevant exercises.1.Guide students to perceive the structural features of predicative clauses and think about their ideographic functions.2.Strengthen students' ability of using predicative clauses in context, but also cultivate their ability of text analysis and logical reasoning competence.Step1: Underline all the examples in the reading passage, where noun clauses are used as the predicative. Then state their meaning and functions.1) One theory was that bad air caused the disease.2) Another theory was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.3) The truth was that the water from the Broad Street had been infected by waste.Sum up the rules of grammar:1. 以上黑体部分在句中作表语。2. 句1、2、3中的that在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。 Step2: Review the basic components of predicative clauses1.Definition
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land教学设计
当孩子们由父母陪同时，他们才被允许进入这个运动场。3．过去分词(短语)作状语时的几种特殊情况(1)过去分词(短语)在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。Seen from the top of the mountain (＝When it is seen from the top of the mountain), the whole town looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。Given ten more minutes (＝If we are given ten more minutes), we will finish the work perfectly.如果多给十分钟，我们会完美地完成这项工作。Greatly touched by his words (＝Because she was greatly touched by his words), she was full of tears.由于被他的话深深地感动，她满眼泪花。Warned of the storm (＝Though they were warned of the storm), the farmers were still working on the farm.尽管被警告了风暴的到来，但农民们仍在农场干活。(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。The teacher came into the room, followed by two students (＝and was followed by two students)．后面跟着两个学生，老师走进了房间。He spent the whole afternoon, accompanied by his mom(＝and was accompanied by his mom)．他由母亲陪着度过了一整个下午。
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 3 Food and Culture-Discovering useful structures教学设计
The newspaper reported more than 100 people had been killed in the thunderstorm.报纸报道说有一百多人在暴风雨中丧生。(2)before、when、by the time、until、after、once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by、before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。By the time my brother was 10, he had been sent to Italy.我弟弟10岁前就已经被送到意大利了。Tons of rice had been produced by the end of last month. 到上月底已生产了好几吨大米。(3) It was the first/second/last ... time that ...句中that引导的定语从句中，主语与谓语构成被动关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。It was the first time that I had seen the night fact to face in one and a half years. 这是我一年半以来第一次亲眼目睹夜晚的景色。(4)在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语与谓语构成被动关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。If I had been instructed by him earlier, I would have finished the task.如果我早一点得到他的指示，我早就完成这项任务了。If I had hurried, I wouldn't have missed the train.如果我快点的话，我就不会误了火车。If you had been at the party, you would have met him. 如果你去了晚会，你就会见到他的。
新人教版高中英语选修2Unit 5 First Aid-Discovering useful structures教学设计
You have no excuse for not going.你没有理由不去。He was punished for not having finished his homework.他因未完成作业而受到惩罚。2．动词ing形式复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动词ing，即“sb./sb.'s＋doing”构成。动词ing形式的复合结构实际上是给动词ing形式加了一个逻辑主语。动词ing形式的复合结构有四种形式：①形容词性物主代词＋动词ing②名词所有格＋动词ing③代词宾格＋动词ing④名词＋动词ingHer coming to help encouraged all of us.她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.这个婴儿被突然的关门声吵醒了。Can you imagine him/Jack cooking at home?你能想象他/杰克在家做饭的样子吗？无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语都不能用第②种形式。Tom's winning first prize last year impressed me a lot.汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。Do you mind my/me/Jack's/Jack leaving now?你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？Excuse me for my not coming on time．很抱歉我没能按时来。His father's being ill made him worried.他父亲病了，他很担心。We are looking forward to the singer's/the singer to give us a concert.我们盼望着这位歌手来给我们举办一场演唱会。
人教版高中地理选修2中、低产田的综合治理教案
一、低湿地的治理与开发1、 低湿地治理开发的原因——辛店洼自然条件的主要特点（1）地势低平：辛店洼洼底海拔17．5米，洼缘海拔19．5米，是全市最低点。（2）渍涝严重：其成因如表6-4所示（3）土质好、水源足、水质好：成土母质为黄河冲积物，土壤质地好；水资源丰富，水质较好。2、低洼地治理开发的方法：鱼塘——台田模式（或称塘田模式）以往辛店洼曾采用挖沟排水的措施治理低洼地，但治理效果不明显，因为辛店洼的主要矛盾是地势低洼，地下水位高，挖沟排水因地势低，排水困难，地下水位难以下降，故治理效果不明显。20世纪80年代以来，科学工作者在辛店洼地区开始了整治低湿地的研究，他们遵循“因洼制宜”的指导思想，逐步摸索出了低湿地的治理模式：鱼塘—--台田模式
人教版高中语文《烛之武退秦师》教案2篇
【教学目标】1．学习本文精彩的人物语言——说理透辟，善于辞令，以及起伏跌宕，生动活泼的情节。2．掌握文章中出现的古汉语常识，注意多义词在不同语境中的不同意义和用法。3.了解烛之武说服秦伯的方法——善于利用矛盾，采取分化瓦解的方法，认识烛之武机智善辩的外交才能。【教学重点】1.烛之武人物形象的把握。2.波澜起伏，生动活泼的情节。【教学难点】通过学习本课，使学生对《左传》的语言特点有所了解。【教学过程】第一课时课前预习：（1）借助工具书，通读原文。（2）参考有关资料，对《左传》在先秦文学史中的地位及《左传》的语言特色有所了解。（3）初步了解故事情节，特别注意对烛之武这个中心人物的把握。（4）画出自己不理解的问题及难点。
人教版高中地理选修2百万移民及其安置教案
三峡库区农村移民安置根本出路是通过发展大农业来解决耕地不足，不应盲目开垦荒坡地，防止产生新的水土流失，尽量避免生态环境恶化。2、就地后靠，就近安置模式三峡库区淹没区线状分布的受淹特点有别于一般水库淹没区的片状分布，使得库区移民具有相对分散的特点，且淹没涉及的356个乡镇没有一个被全淹，甚至全淹的村也很少，这有利于移民在本县甚至本乡就近后靠安置，避免了水库移民大量外迁、远迁所造成的种种困难和后遗症。三峡移民搬迁大多可以就地后靠，就近安置，这是三峡移民的一大特色。就近后靠安置的优点是不离本乡本土，移民容易接受，且避免了移民大量外迁、远迁所造成的困难和后遗症；缺点是容易对当地的生态环境造成过大的压力，如过度开垦坡地、破坏植被、加剧水土流失等。3、工程周期长，可从容安置移民三峡工程建设周期长（1994年～2009年，共17年），使得移民安置能够及早进行，可以从容安置移民的生产和生活。
人教版高中地理选修2水土流失的治理教案
2、关于黄土高原小流域及其治理的叙述，正确的是()A.小流域不能看作是一个完整的地域单元B.小流域可以相当于黄土高原上一条河流的整个流域C.小流域综合治理的方针是“保塬、护坡、固沟“D.小流域的综合治理只能采用农业技术措施3、黄土高原植被遭到破坏的原因有()①营造宫殿，毁林开荒②修筑梯田，开石动土③开荒弃荒，轮荒作业④开露天矿，建隔离护坝⑤保塬护坡，打坝建库⑥开挖原生地面，复垦采空矿区A.①②④B.①③⑤C.①③D.②④4、下列关于黄土高原的叙述，正确的是()A.水土流失不可治理B.人为因素是黄土高原现代水土流失的主导因素C.植树种草是做好水土保持的基本前提D.开矿会加剧水土流失，故应少开矿5、引起黄土高原水土流失最直接的因素是()A.降水集中于夏季且多暴雨B.黄土垂直节理发育C.地表崎岖不平，千沟万壑D.不合理开发造成地表黄土裸露，失去植被保护6、治理黄土高原水土流失的工程措施有()A.植树造林B.平整土地C.修建水库D.深耕改土
新人教版高中英语选修1Unit 2 Looking into the Future教案
【设计意图】以“新科技是一把双刃剑”为主题开展讨论活动。这个话题比较大，所以给了一定的限制，首先需要以智能家居为例来阐述科技发展对未来生活产生的影响，然后列举其优点和缺点，最后就以上现象发表自己的观点。这个活动是对整个文本的创意性总结与意义的升华，留给学生一定的想象空间，学生借此机会可以运用文本内容和语言表达自己对科技发展的看法和态度。Assignments:1. Finish Exercise 4 on Page 15 of the textbook.A smart home is one that integrated computers into the structure of the building itself. In this way, many of the things that we now do ourselves become automatic. For example, the smart home could control the air conditioning and lights so that you would no longer have to turn switches on and off, and so that your home would be more energy-efficient. The smart home could also monitor itself to make sure that everything is working as it should, and send you warnings if there is a problem. Such smart homes could even be programmed to detect your health problems, and then give you reasonable advice as to the food you should eat or if you should see a doctor. So, in a sense, smart homes will lead us to living smarter lives.2.Create a smart function for your home, and share your creation in the next period.
人教版高中地理选修2荒漠化的成因与防治教案
1、图4.10“西北地区土地荒漠化的人为因素（以风力作用为例）图”产生荒漠化的人为因素有过度农垦、过度放牧、过度樵采和不合理利用水资源等。从荒漠化和人类的关系来看，荒漠化的发生、发展和社会经济有着密切的联系，人类不合理的经济活动不仅是荒漠化发生的主要原因和活跃因素，同时人类又是它的直接受害者。2、图4.14“荒漠植物的生态适应图”荒漠植物的生态适应特征表现在：a类为肉质植物，体内薄壁组织可储存大量水分，其近地表分布的根系可以在偶然而短暂的降水过程（如暴雨）中收集水分；b类植物一方面利用其近地表根系吸收可能的降水，另一方面根系向纵深发展，以利用稳定的地下水；c类为微叶或无叶型植物，叶片强烈缩小或退化，由绿色叶茎行使光合作用功能，蒸腾很弱。【教学内容】一、荒漠化的成因1．荒漠化的自然原因荒漠化的自然原因包括干旱（基本条件）、地表物质松散（物质基础）和大风吹扬（动力因素）。
