问:为什么会出现这样的情况,男女生之间的拉力存在着怎样的大小关系?进一步求证这两个力的大小关系经过共同讨论,得方案:把两个弹簧秤勾在一起,重现拔河比赛,分三种情况进行。(通过摄像头把弹簧秤的读数放大)两弹簧称勾在一起拉,处于静止不动时(即拔河比赛,双方处于僵持状态)两弹簧称勾在一起拉,并向一方运动(即比赛绳子被拉向一方时的状态)3、两弹簧称勾在一起拉,一方方向慢慢改变(两力方向始终在一条直线上)实验结论:两弹簧称的读数的变化总是相同的,大小相等,方向相反。得到牛顿第三定律:追问:既然两个力大小相等,那么拔河比赛为什么还存在胜负之分?讲清作用力与反作用力作用的受力物体不同,并和学生讨论如何做才会获胜。回应课前问题:“以卵击石”为什么鸡蛋碎?
研究一种物理现象,总是要先从现象的描述入手。机械运动作为自然界最简单和最基本的运动形态,它所描述的是物体空间位置随时间变化的情况。因此,本节学习描述质点做机械运动需要时刻、时间间隔和位移等概念。相当一部分高一学生在具体过程中难以区别时刻和时间间隔。另外,由于思维的定式,在第一次接触既要考虑大小又要考虑方向的问题时,会因不适应造成学习困难。所以,区别“路程与位移”“时刻和时间间隔”是教学的重难点所在。学习这些内容的过程与方法对学习速度和加速度可以起到奠定基础的作用。教学的对象是高一的学生,这一时期的学生处在好奇善问、创新意识强烈的青少年期。对于生活中出现的各种现象具有浓厚的兴趣。但他们的思维还停留在简单的代数运算阶段,对于矢量和矢量运算的理性认识几乎没有。且对生活中出现的时间、时刻、时间间隔等不能做出很好的区分,对时常提及的路程、距离等形成了模糊的前概念。
(3)内陆和中西部城镇主要以煤和火电为主;广大农村和边远地区大多正从使用农作物秸秆等生物能源。(4)人均能源资源不足。我国是世界第三大能源生产国和第二大能源消费国,而我国能源短缺,特别是油气资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的重要因素。相关数据——煤炭、石油和天然气的人均资源占有量只有95t,世界平均值为209t,约是世界人均值的1/2;我国人均石油可采储量3t,世界平均值为28t,约为世界平均值的1/10。我国人均能源消费量不足1.2吨标准煤,居世界89位,不足世界人均能源消费水平的一半,仅占发达国家的1/5~1/10。其中人均消费650kg标准煤,是世界平均额的95%;人均消费石油相当145kg标准煤,为世界平均数的16.8%;人均消费天然气相当17.7kg标准煤,为世界平均数的3.9%;人均消费电力501.5kWh,为世界平均水平的25%。(5)是能源消费结构不合理,突出存在着一低两高:即电能消费比例低,非商品生物能源消费量高,一次性商品能源消费中原煤消费比重高。原煤消费达到75%,远高于26.2%的世界平均水平。
一、说教材《质点 参考系和坐标系》是人教版普通高中物理必修一第一章第一课的内容。本节课主要介绍了质点、参考系、坐标系的基本概念。通过本节课的学习为进一步学习后续课程起到了铺垫的作用。根据上述教材的结构和内容分析,又考虑到高一年级学生的认知结构及其心理特征,我制定了以下三维教学目标:1、知识与技能:知道质点的概念及条件;知道参考系的概念及作用;掌握坐标系的简单应用。2、过程与方法:促进学生自主学习,让学生积极参与、乐于探究、勇于实验、勤于思考,培养学生的科学探究能力。3、情感态度与价值观:通过质点 参考系和坐标系的学习,使学生了解生活与物理的关系,让学生学会用科学的思维去看待事物。根据普通高中物理课程标准,并在吃透教材的基础上,我确定了以下教学重点和难点:教学重点:质点概念的建立。只有掌握了这一点才能更加准确的理解和掌握后续教材的相关内容。
学生回答的方法多样,让各小组根据自己讨论出来的方法对自己实验出来的纸带进行数据处理,并求出加速度,并且将多条纸带都进行处理,同时提醒学生对纸带的选择。接着,我会用多媒体展示重物下落实验打出来的纸带,用表格列出一段纸带上各点的瞬时速度,准确画出v-t图像,求出加速度,将结果给予学生的结果作对比,确定出正确结论。最后让学生分析总结:自由落体运动是初速度为零的匀加速直线运动,而且,多条纸带算出来的加速度的数值都接近相等,即加速度在实验误差允许范围内是相等的。引出重力加速度,介绍概念、方向及大小。(强调“同一地点”,让学生阅读教材中一些地点的重力加速度,可以了解重力加速度的大小与纬度有关,纬度越大加速度越大)。学习了重力加速度后让学生根据之前学习的匀变速直线运动公式推导出自由落体的运动规律。设计意图:让学生在学习过程中的主体地位和自主观能动性得到充分发挥,取长补短,培养了学生的实验操作能力,又使学生对自由落体运动的性质有深刻的印象,从而解决了本节课第二个难点。
(5)高度不同,对平抛运动距离有何影响,是否因为高度减小后下落时间减小,所以要增大速度才能达到相同的距离?(教学实践证明,这种想法在学生比较多见。已经不自觉的沿用了自由落体运动的规律,又隐隐有运动等时性的痕迹。应引导学生这一结果还需实验验证。)教师的引导:其实,我们所提出的看法都跟平抛运动的规律有关系。那么平抛运动究竟有怎样的规律呢?以前学过的直线运动知识还能用于今天的内容吗?由此逐步使学生意识到分析平抛运动须采用运动合成与分解这一方法。三、实验验证自主探究(15分钟) 物理是实验科学,多媒体教学不能代替实验。本教学设计的第三个环节是实验验证,鼓励学生自主探究。引导学生根据自己的猜想(实验目的)设计实验进行验证。(1)介绍手持式平抛竖落仪,引导并小结实验要领:听两小球下落声音判断其下落时间。体会合运动和分运动是等时的。
共享实验收集的信息,分享实验探究的结论,体验收获的乐趣。 小结拓展 这节课由大家感兴趣的球类运动和弹弓游戏,提出了功与速度变化关系的问题,利用倍增思想解决测量对物体做功的问题,使用我们熟悉的器材设计了探究方案,并进行实验探究,采用图像法进行数据处理,初步得出W∝V2的关系。在我们这节课探究以前,科学家就通过试验和理论的方法,已经总结出了功与速度变化的定量关系。人类社会也在社会生活和生产的各个领域予以利用。比如,古代的战争武器抛石器、大型弓弩,以及现代飞机弹射系统、还有机器人行走等等,希望同学在今后的学习中注意留心生活中的物理和社会中的物理。 领会总结。培养概括总结的能力,进一步巩固、感悟、提升实验探究中获得的思维能力及动手能力。感悟社会中的物理,认识物理学对科技进步以及文化和社会发展的影响。 列举学生知道的社会中做功使物体速度变化的例子,增强学生将物理知识应用于生活和生产的意识,培养学生的社会参与意识和对社会负责任的态度。
d.某物体沿直线向东运动,原来的速度是5m/s,2s后速度减小到3m/s,求2s内物体速度变化。④如何探究物体作匀速圆周运动时,在Δt时间内的速度变化?分析:有了同一直线上速度变化的铺垫后,讨论物体做匀速圆周运动速度的变化就比较自然了,为了给向心加速度方向的学习打好基础,可以通过小组协作,进一步完成下列思考题,使同学们认识到:时间间隔起短,速度变化的方向起接近半径方向。(多媒体屏幕投影)a.物体沿半径为1m的轨道做匀速圆周运动,线速度大小为,求1s内物体速度变化并画出1s内速度变化的示意图。b.分别求出上题中物体在0.5s、0.25s内速度变化并画出相应的示意图。由于没有办法直接利用实验来验证速度变化的方向,所以,我们采用提供思考题的方法,引导同学在合作学习、自主探究中完成。有了速度变化的研究为铺垫,加速度的方向问题就迎刃而解了。
了解了第一宇宙速度及其意义之后,继续提出问题,让学生思考:如果卫星的发射速度大于第一宇宙速度7.9km/s ,会出现什么情况呢?先让学生们大胆猜想,然后再向学生们介绍 卫星发射速度大于第一宇宙速度后的几种可能情况,引出第二宇宙速度和第三宇宙速度,让学生对第二、第三宇宙速度及其意义做定性了解。并通过演示Flash课件,帮助学生理解、加深学生印象。在学生对人造卫星的原理及发射卫星的速度条件有了初步了解后,接下来引导学生对卫星的运动规律作进一步的探索。实际上卫星并不是沿地表水平发射的,而是用火箭多次加速送到一定的高度的轨道后,再沿以地心为圆心的圆周的切线运行的。让学生继续深入思考:卫星在不同高度绕地球运行时的速度怎么求呢?将卫星送入低轨道和高轨道所需的速度都一样么?如果把不同轨道上的卫星绕地球的运动都看成是匀速圆周运动,引导学生利用已学的万有引力和圆周运动的相关知识,探究卫星绕地球的运行规律。
(四)、弹性势能(据课时情况,可以让学生自学)生活中还有一些物体既没有运动也没有很大的高度却同样“储存”着能量,哪怕它只是孩童手里的玩具(图片:弹弓)。张紧的弓一撒手就会对箭支做功改变它的动能,松弛的弓有这样的本领吗?同样是弓前者具有能量而后者没有,那么什么情况下物体才具有这种能量呢?张紧的弓在恢复原状的过程会对外做功,但是拉断的弓还能有做功的本领吗?1.定义:物体由于发生弹性形变而具有的能量叫做弹性势能。2.弹性势能的大小与哪些因素有关呢?3、势能由相互作用的物体的相对位置决定的能量。重力势能:由地球和物体间相对位置决定。弹性势能:由发生形变的各部分的相对位置决定。(五).反馈练习1. 物体在运动过程中,克服重力做功50J, 则( )A.重力做功为50JB.物体的重力势能一定增加50JC.物体的重力势能一定减少50JD.重力做功为-50J
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语,它通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
1. 表示时间。Hearing these stories, I’m skeptical about the place. = When I heard these stories. . . 2. 表示原因。Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. = Because/Since/As I don’t know his address. . . 3. 表示结果。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. =. . . and left him a lot of money4. 表示条件。Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. = If you go straight down the road. . . 5. 表示让步。Being tired, they went on working. =Although they were tired. . . 6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. =. . . and stared at the sky for a long time注意:非谓语动词作状语时, 如所提供的动词不能和句子中的主语保持一致, 动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语, 通常由名词或代词来担任, 这就是独立主格结构。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. (having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus, 而不是we)Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. (permitting的逻辑主语是time, 而不是the football match)Step 7 Practice1. ________(study) hard, you are sure to get first prize. 2. People use plastic in their daily life, _______(leave) large amounts of waste. 3. ________(work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 4. The old man, ____________(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 5. ______________(finish) his homework, he was playing on the playground. Answers: 1. Studying 2. leaving 3. Working 4.having worked 5. Having finishedStep 8 HomeworkFinish the homework on Page 22.
Example:One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by sending newspapers door to door found that he only had one dime(一角)left. He was so hungry that he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you?” “You don’t owe me anything,” she replied, “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” With these words, Howard Kelly left that house.Years later the woman became badly ill and was finally sent to the hospital in a big city. Dr. Howard Kelly, now famous, was called in. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes. Dressed in his doctor’s clothes, Dr. Kelly went into her room and recognized her at once. From that day on, he gave special attention to her, and decided to do his best to save her life.At last the woman was saved. Dr. Kelly asked the business office to pass the final bill to him. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to the woman’s room. She was afraid to open it because she was sure that it would take the rest of her life to pay for it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention. She read these words: “Paid in full with a glass of milk, Dr. Howard Kelly.” Tear of joy flooded her eyes.
The topic of this part is “Learn to make choices in life”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at the moral dilemmas, and this part is about making choices in life. The heroin is Lin Qiaozhi, a famous medical scientist, made a great contribution to our country’s medical care. Most importantly, her life experience can inspire our students whether in studying or the development of career. she had moral dilemmas and life choices, which are similar to the students who will step into society. Besides, Lin has quite good virtues like kindness, self-improvement, insistence, job-loving , generosity and responsibility, which is worth being learned.Concretely, this article is a biography about Lin Qiaozhi. The article tells her whole life according the timeline, among which the life choices is emphasized. For example, whether married or chased her dream, returned home or stayed abroad, family or public, her choices all reflected her faith, spirit, responsibility and devotion.1. Fast reading to get the detailed information about Lin Qiaozhi; careful reading to do the deductive information.2. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.3. Study the structure features and language features. 4. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.1. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.2. Study the structure features and language features.3. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat are some important life choices?Importance choices: university study, jobs and marriage partners. Because they can determine our future.
1. 这个寓言是一个关于一位国王古寓言。 The fable is an old fable about a king.2.作者用这个故事让读者对于社区的问题负有个人责任的必要印象深刻。The author used the story to impress upon readers with the need to take personal responsibility for problems in the community.3. 这个故事十分成功的实现了它的目的。The story was quite successful in achieving its purpose.Step 7 WritingPlease write a review of the story according the outline above.The fable is an old fable about a king who thought his people are lazy, so he put a large stone in the middle of the road and hides and waited to see if anyone will try to move it.The author used this story to impress upon readers with the need to take personal responsibility for problems in the community. The story was quite successful in achieving its purpose, and I liked it because it had a clear moral.However, while the moral of the story is clear, the actions of the king seemed pointless to me, because none of the characters in the story learnt anything. For this reason, I think there are better stories that can be used to impress upon people with the need for personal responsibility.Step 8 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Does the writer give a short description of the story ?2. Does the description include the most important details of the story ?3. Does the writer give his or her opinion about the character or their actions ?4. Is the review well-organised ? 5. Does the writer use the -ing form as the adverbial correctly in the writing ?6. Are there any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors ?Step 9 HomeworkPut up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.
Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. Places to visit...well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall first.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have. Why ?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King.Justin: Really? Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought.Justin:Sounds great, thanks.Answers:Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Do you have any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, that’s cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. What are some places to visit in Guizhou ? Well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall is the first place to visit in Guizhou Province.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West . Why do you ask if I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King from Journey to the West.Justin: That’s really true? It’s Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages on your trip to Guizhou Province. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought it was.Justin:This all sounds great, thanks.
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