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新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案二
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about "sharing views on historical sites". Through listening to a dialogue between Chinese and foreign students on the way to the Confucius Temple, students can understand their views on the Confucius Temple, Confucius, Confucius' descendants and Confucius' educational thoughts, so as to realize and think about the profound influence of Confucius and his thoughts on Chinese historical tradition. At the same time, the dialogue naturally integrates English idioms and mentions Shakespeare, the British playwright, so as to provide language materials and context for students to understand English idioms and related cultural allusions, as well as to compare Chinese and foreign cultures, which is helpful for students to understand and express the language such as history, tradition, culture and custom significant impact.Text analysis: listening text is a dialogue between a British student and a Chinese student when he goes to the Confucius Temple. When William, a British student, visited the Confucius Temple, he asked Xiao Kong, a Chinese student, for directions. Xiao Kong was just going to the Confucius Temple to meet with the members of the research group, so they went together and exchanged their views on the Confucius Temple, Confucius, Confucius' descendants and Confucius' educational thoughts. From the perspective of foreign tourists, this paper describes their thoughts on Confucius, the great son of Confucius, who had a profound impact on Chinese history and cultural tradition, and his education.Listening and Talking introduces a visit to a historic tourist destination. Tourism is a common way to understand a country's history, culture, and customs and so on. Students listen to the dialogue between Xiao Yan, a youth hostel Usher, and Paul, a backpacker, to learn about Pingyao's famous historical and cultural attractions and Paul's travel experience and experience as a foreign tourist.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Reading for Writing教案
Step 1 Lead inThere are many interest of places in the UK. What do you know ?The Big Ben the London Tower the Thames RiverStep 2 Before reading---analyze the titleBeautiful Ireland and its traditionWe know that the article mainly tells about the beauty and traditions of Ireland. Step 3 While reading---Task 1Read the text and answer the following questions.Q1: What makes the Irish countryside exciting and inspiring?Its beauty and how it offers something for all the scenes.Q2: What are the best ways to experience some Irish traditions and cultures?By stopping by a village pub and relaxing with a drink and traditional meal while listening to music and watching dancingQ3: What is the meaning of “breathe in the sweet scent of fresh flowers while birds greet the new day with their morning song ?”It means to not just smell but also breathe in the smell of fresh flowers early in the morning as the birds sing their first song of the new day.Q4: What are the best ways to experience Chinese traditions and customs ?By travelling to different places and using all your senses to experience everything and by interacting with local people.Step 4 While reading---Task 2Analyze the descriptive paragraph1. Identify and underline the paragraph’s introductory sentence and the ending sentence.Introductory sentence: Ireland’s beautiful countryside has always had a great influence on its people and traditions.Ending sentence: And if you introduce yourself to a friendly face, you are more than likely to experience local culture and customs first-hand.2. The paragraph talks about different senses in different places. Write the senses and places in the order that they appear.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Discovering Useful Structures教案二
4. When he got absorbed in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.P·P as adverbial: _________________________________________________________________.Function: _______________________________________________________________________.Step 5 Solid Complete the passage with the words in brackets in their correct forms.Well known as a successful band, the Impact members show quite a few striking qualities. They never ever give up. When _____________(question) by the media, they are not _____________(discourage) and practise even harder. They are improving themselves by attending several master training class. They are united. _____________(fill with) team spirit, they act as a whole, always aiming for glory. Step 6 Difference and similarity from -ingObserve the following examples.1. He went out, shutting the door behind him.=He went out, ________________________________________________________.2. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.=__________________________________________, he went to his parents for help.Similarity: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Difference : _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Step Practice1. ________ in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙, 这篇文章不是很好。2. ________ carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before. 他仔细读书时, 发现了一些从前不知道的东西。3. ________ why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及他为什么要这么做时, 班长说这是他的职责
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案
choir memberspeople to run food stands people to sell festival ticketspeople to sell music CDspeople to set up equipmentmusical performersStep 2: Listen to the announcement again and answer the questions. ? 1. What kind of songs will Grace Davis sing at the festival?? 2. Who can try out as a performer?? 3. What can those who think they do not have musical talent do?? 4. How can students volunteer to take part?? Talking about preferences:? Would you prefer doing ..?? What would you prefer to do?? Would you rather do .... or ….?? What would you rather do?? I'd prefer .... to ..? I'd rather have ... than .. Step 3: Speaking ProjectWork in groups. Role-play the conversation or make a new one.? Debbie: Where have you been? You missed the announcement about the music festival.? John: I was at the doctor's office. Music festival?? Frank: Yes, it's going to be next month on the school sports field. John, you can play the piano. How about playing it at the festival?? John: Well, I'd rather play the violin. I can play Liang Zhu.? Frank: Wow! Sounds good. What about you, Debbie? ? Debbie: Actually, I don't have much musical ability. I'd prefer just to help out with the crowds.? Frank: You can sell tickets or work at a food stand.? John: So can I assume that the aim of the festival is to raise money?? Debbie: Yes. All of the money will go to charity.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Listening and Speaking教案
This lesson is about music. Students can classify the types of music through the instruments and its sound and can talk about their preferences about music, even join some activities and play a role in them according to their musical talents. On the basis, they are guided to use the languages to express their preferences and some plosive sounds and their rules.1. Classify the music types through the instruments and its sound.2. Listen and understand what the speakers’ preferences are and the reasons; talk about their own preferences and give their own reasons, using these sentences: “What kind of music do you like? And why? “ “Because it makes/gives me energy/peaceful.../touches my heart...”.3. Learn some plosives and the rules.4. Join some activities and play a role in them according to the talents. 1. Listen and understand what the speakers’ preferences are and the reasons;2. talk about their own preferences and give their own reasons, using these sentences: “What kind of music do you like? And why? “ “Because it makes/gives me energy/peaceful.../touches my heart...”.3. Learn some plosives and incomplete plosives and its rules.Step 1 Lead inPoint at the pictures on P50 and ask Q1: What are the people doing in the pictures below?Q2: What kind of music they are?Then play the MP3s one by oneStep 2 ListeningTask 1: A reporter from the school newspaper is interviewing students about music. Listen to the interviews. Draw lines between the words to make complete sentences. Some words will not be used.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Reading and Thinking教案一
This section focuses on "learning about experiencing music Online". This virtual choir is a new form of music performance. Members from all over the world don't need to love to come to a place. Instead, they use the new technology to model the various parts and wonderful virtual harmony group of music in the family. Students need to understand the main meaning of each paragraph. Finding topic sentences is an important way to understand the general idea of a paragraph. After the topic sentence, it is usually the detail sentence that supports and explains the topic sentence. Some paragraphs have obvious subject sentences, for example, the first sentence of the second paragraph is the subject sentence of the paragraph, and the following sentenceStudents need to pay attention to the topic sentences and key sentences, and then pay attention to how the sentences after the meaning explain, explain and support the topic sentences or key sentences before.1.Guide students to learn about experiencing music online2.Guide students to scan and circle the information in the text.3.Guide students to find the numbers and dates to fill in the timeline.4.Guide students to learn more about music by completing the sentences with the correct forms of the words and phrases. And then make a mind map about the outline of the passage.1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the main meaning of each paragraph and understand the narrative characteristics of "timeline” in illustrative style.3. Lead students to understand the changes that have been caused by the Internet.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Reading for Writing教案二
The Internet celebrity Gao Yifeng. Years ago, he owned 5 companies and the staffs over 1,000, but during the economy crisis, he became nothing but debt. He was so worried that his hair became white overnight. There was a time when he wanted to killed himself. But after listening to the song Start Over by Liu Huan, he decided to cheer himself up. He started a steamed bun shop and gradually became a national chain shops. Now he became successful again.Walter Haddon said, “Music is the medicine of a troubled mind.” Music contains such a pleasant and inspiring force. Music gave him courage and bravery. When he listened to the song, it made his spirit fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave him strength and brought him relief. It was the rock I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times. I hope none of us have to go through the same kind of suffering that he did. At the same time, we all go through various periods when we feel sad or alone. During those times, music can help us in the same way that it helped him. I hope we all will somehow begin to treasure music and make it a part of our life. Thank you for your listening !5.Revise your writing each other.Does he/she explain how music has changed his/her/someone else’s life?Are some of the rhetorical devices included and used properly ?Does he/she talk about how music makes him/her/someone feel?Is the first word in each sentences capitalised?Does he/she use correct punctuation ?
新人教版高中英语选修1Unit 4 Body Language教案
本阅读材料的话题是交际中的肢体语言，作者从三个方面讲述了肢体语言的特征与作用，通过主题句和举例阐述的方式让读者了解不同文化中肢体语言的相同或者不同的意义，并从更抽象、概括的维度深入认识肢体语言的特点，理解肢体语言的作用。基于肢体语言的特点，作者提醒读者在与人交流中，尤其是当文化背景有差异的时候，要使用得体的肢体语言，尊重、理解和包容不同的文化，进行有效、有素养的沟通。文本共由六个段落组成，篇章结构为“总—分”。第一段用简练的语言引出了话题，并且从我们自身表达的需要和了解他人感受两个角度讲述了肢体语言的作用。第二段阐述了肢体语言的第一个重要特点——肢体语言在不同的文化中有不同的内涵——这也是文中写作篇幅最大的一个要点，最为重要。通过讲述肢体语言的这一特点，作者向读者传递了要尊重不同的文化、要使用与所在文化相宜的肢体语言。
新人教版高中英语选修4Unit 1 Science Fiction教案
本活动旨在落实课时教学目标2。 1.Think, discuss and share. Students form groups of 4, discuss about the given ending make comments. Q1: Do you like the ending? Q2: Was it a logical ending? Why so or why not? [设计意图]通过引导学生思考、讨论、评价，比较个人、同伴所预测的结局和听力文本所给定的结局的异同点，深化对文本的认知，发展学生的评判性思维能力。 Activity 4: Exploring Asimov’s three laws of robotics and the purpose of the writing 本活动旨在落实课时教学目标3。 1. Get to know Isaac Asimov’s three laws of robotics. The teacher shares Isaac Asimov’s three laws of robotics. The three laws state that: ①A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. ②A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. ③A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Q: How does Tony’s story relate to the laws? 2. Figure out Isaac Asimov’s purpose of writing Satisfaction Guaranteed. The students express their opinions about the author’s writing purpose. Q: Why did Isaac Asimov write such a story? S: To explore the relationship between robots and humans. [设计意图]通过了解艾萨克·阿西莫夫所制定的机器人三大定律，加深学生对文本的理解，深入探究文本的主题意义。推理作者的写作目的，联系生活实际，思考人类与机器人的关系。
新人教版高中英语选修3Unit 4 Adversity And Courage教案
本活动旨在落实课时目标3。 The Student Union is looking for three students for a 3-week voluntary program in Guizhou province. The volunteers have got to be high school students, with a persevering personality and experiences in overcoming adversity. The volunteers need to stay, eat and teach with 20 pupils in a small school up on the hill of a village. There are no facilities but desks and a blackboard in the school. And there is no take-away food to be bought anywhere; the only way to feed yourself is to cook. You’re interested in applying. Write your application letter introducing what adversity you have ever overcome and how persevering you are as well as what you want to do when at work. Dear Student Union,【设计意图】此任务旨在迁移一、二课时所学，解决实际问题。学生对比自己经历过的挑战或挫折，写信给学生会申请前往贵州担任短期支教教师，把个人以前是怎么战胜挫折的经过书写出来。结合所学，迁移创新，分析解决自身实际问题，在真实情境中学生通过仿写进行主题语言的精确输出。完成任务的过程中，能较多地使用已学语言、内容、结构和写作手法来描述自己面对挫折的处理方式、态度和应有的品质，近一步激发学生树立正确的价值观，学会逆境出人才，坚忍不拔，从容不迫，又做到谦让、分享和合作。课后学生修正习作，再次提交。
新人教版高中英语选修4Unit 2 Iconic Attractions教案
帮助学生通过讨论与对主题的提升，反思自己的旅游方式，以便做出更优化的安排，在今后的旅程中有更多的收益。 Activity 2: Further discussion of the 6 elements above and supplement of more background knowledge 本活动为实现课时教学目标2。 1.Target Q: The writer’s clear target of traveling, meeting the people and experiencing the culture, is closely related to his major in social studies. Then what is social studies? Social studies is a part of a school or college curriculum concerned with the study of social relationships and the functioning of society and usually made up of courses in history, government, economics, civics, sociology, geography, and anthropology. （Dictionary by Merriam-Webster） Reflection: When you go out to travel, what targets do you usually have in mind? 2.Research Q: Suppose you are traveling to Hangzhou during the school holidays, how will you do research on the city? (surf the internet, read books or travel brochures, consult friends, ...) What information will you be interested to know? (location, iconic sites, local cuisines, interesting customs, shopping malls ...) 3.Abandonment To make the most of time, we have to learn to abandon so that we can accomplish our plan. What will you be interested in doing if you go to Hangzhou if you have a week’s time? What if you only have 2 days? 4~5. Venturing & Experiencing Q: What did he venture to do during the trip? What new experiences did he have? In Sydney: attend his first open-air barbecue, enjoy many different but yummy meals In Catherine: observe the life and customs of the aborigines appreciate their music & try the musical instruments: the didgeridoo
新人教版高中英语选修4Unit 5 Language Your Career教案
本单元阅读文本向中学生推荐职业能力测试(Career Aptitude Test)，旨在建议学生利用职业倾向测试来发现自己更感兴趣、更有潜力的学习或职业方向，并规划自己的未来职业。 本文采用了建议性文本，全篇从职业生涯的重要意义讲起，针对中学生对职业规划比较迷茫的现状，提出了职业倾向测试这一建议。全文共七段，其中第一段和第二段为第一部分，其余五段为第二部分。第一部分论述职业的重要性和职业生涯规划的最佳时间是在校期间，第二部分提出解决职业选择困惑可以通过完成职业能力测试，介绍了不同种类的职业倾向测试，结合图表详细说明其中一种操作步骤，并提醒职业建议也基于学历和经验，最后一段概括论述，建议学生通过职业能力测试这一有效的工具，找到自己真正热爱的事物。 在文本教学设计时，要帮助学生梳理有关职业的话题语言。阅读策略层面，指导学生通过学习图表和图形，在有限的空间内获取广泛信息，如阅读图表标题，图表上的标签，X轴Y轴上的数据所指。
《英雄凯旋歌》教案
教学过程：一、导入。二、作品介绍。《英雄凯旋歌》选自亨德尔的清唱剧《犹大·麦卡白》，表现了英雄得胜归来时雄壮威武、万众颂扬、酣畅热闹的场面。三、作者介绍。亨德尔（1685-1759），德国作曲家，在欧洲音乐史上与巴赫占有同等重要的地位。他的作品具有英雄性、史诗性的风格特点。代表作有清唱剧《弥赛亚》、管弦乐组曲《水上音乐》等。四、清唱剧简介。清唱剧是一种介于歌剧和大合唱之间的多乐章大型声乐套曲，包括独唱、重唱及合唱，由管弦乐队伴奏。五、《英雄凯旋歌》歌曲学习。六、拓展练习。亨德尔的清唱剧《弥赛亚》中的唱段《哈利路亚》非常著名。1743年，亨德尔的《弥赛亚》在伦敦演出。当唱到《哈利路亚》时，英国国王为歌曲的激昂情绪所感染，激动得突然起立，全场观众也随之起立。从此，在欧洲的许多地方都保留着听众起立听《哈利路亚》的传统。“哈利路亚”一词的含义是指“赞美上帝”。请你跟着音乐唱一唱吧。七、总结下课。
《英雄凯旋歌》教案
教学目标：一、“情感态度与价值观”目标。1、通过自主学唱歌曲《英雄凯旋歌》，产生对柯达伊音乐教学法的兴趣并乐于参与到音乐实践中。2、通过二声部合唱，产生对和声的美继续追求的愿望。二、“过程与方法”目标。“构唱→听音→实践→总结”自主学唱歌曲。三、“知识与技能”目标。1、初步形成首调唱名法中7个音的音高概念。2、能够音准准确的构唱《英雄凯旋歌》中的音程。3、音准准确有感情的演唱歌曲《英雄凯旋歌》。4、能够视唱简单的二声部。教学难点：1、构唱《英雄凯旋歌》中的音程。2、大小二度变化音的演唱。3、一字多音的演唱。4、二声部的合唱实践。
《英雄凯旋歌》教案
教学过程：（一）创设情境。课间反复播放《英雄凯旋歌》音乐。【设计意图】让学生在无意间融入对音乐旋律的初步记忆。（二）新课讲解。1、复习C大调音阶。（3分钟）（1）教师用钢琴弹一遍，上下行。学生听，在心中默唱。（教师提示学生注意钢琴的音色及音准。）（2）学生模仿钢琴的音色、音准跟琴轻声唱。（3）学生模仿钢琴的音色、音准无琴轻声唱。（4）运用柯达伊手势辅助唱音阶，通过手势的提醒，进一步提高音准。【设计意图】巩固音阶，唱准每一个音。2、学唱歌曲旋律。（20分钟）（1）根据老师所给手势唱音名。（2）给第一个音，挥拍视唱《英雄凯旋歌》旋律。（3）解决视唱过程中遇到的难点。（例如：变化音、节奏、宽音程等）。（4）给第一个音，挥拍完整、流畅的再次视唱《英雄凯旋歌》旋律。（5）学生自己加歌词演唱歌曲。发现一字多音的演唱难点，教师进行引导解决，并提示演唱时的声音位置、咬字、情感表达。【设计意图】通过柯达伊手势练习构唱音高、完成歌曲旋律视唱，达到音准准确有感情的演唱歌曲的目的。(三)拓展实践。1、听音练习，简谱填写学案中的二声部唱名。（5分钟）（1）第一遍听。（2）第二遍检查。（3）请一位学生唱出自己所听答案，教师在演唱过程中，用手势公布正确答案，其他同学较对这位同学正确与否，并对自己的答案进行纠正。
4月份国旗下讲话：说说爱国卫生月
尊敬的老师，亲爱的同学们：今天国旗下讲话的题目是：“说说爱国卫生月”。同学们，四月是个春暖花开的季节，可你还知道四月是个什么月吗?告诉你吧，四月是全国爱国卫生月。因为卫生工作关系到每一个人，所以请大家在日常工作、学习、生活中积极主动做好卫生工作，保持良好的正确的卫生习惯，促进健康成长。1、保持良好的个人卫生习惯，注意饮食卫生，不能在路边小摊随便购买食品，因为路边摊卫生根本就不能得到保证，各种尘埃、苍蝇、不干净的食品用具等都隐藏着多少有害细菌，但是我们有时也发现有的同学在放学后就喜欢在这些路边小摊驻足购买食品，这是非常不卫生的。在个人卫生习惯中，养成饭前便后要洗手，勤剪指甲，勤洗澡，不随便使用别人的生活用品，如毛巾、衣服、拖鞋、餐具等。遵守作息时间，做到起居有规律。2、均衡饮食，随气候变化而增减衣服，定期运动，充足休息。在日常生活中同学们应该按照生活规律，定时用膳，三餐饭做到定量，不能饿一餐，饱一餐，特别是早晨，我们有的同学就往往因为睡懒觉而未吃早餐，这对身体健康和学习精力都是不利的。同学们早晨起床后到户外锻炼，呼吸一些新鲜的空气，伸伸腰，踢踢腿，跑跑步都是很有好处的。
国旗下的讲话：从“秃头理论”说说养成教育
古人云：一叶落便知天下秋矣。是秋的诗韵带走了灿烂的春光，是秋的颜色覆盖了绚丽的夏季。于是，一切都是无声地走进了秋的沃野，也正是在这秋夏交融的时刻，带给我们一种崭新的生活体验。今天我要讲的题目是《从“秃头理论”说说养成教育》。哲学上有个“秃头论证”理论，它包含有这样一个问题：一个人少一根头发能否造成秃头？回答说不能。再少一根怎么样？回答说还是不能。这样问题一直重复下去，到后来，回答却是已经成为秃头了；而这在一开始是遭到否定的。这个理论告诉人们“少一根头发”对整头的头发来说是微不足道的，它对事物当前的性质起不到任何影响作用，几乎可以忽略不计。但是，就在这种微不足道的不知不觉的演变中，将引发事物的性质发生质的翻天覆地的变化。与“秃头论证”理论反映的核心内容相同的还有“稻草原理”理论和“蚂蚁效应”理论：“稻草原理”理论认为，往一匹健壮的骏马身上放上一根稻草，马毫无反应；再添加一根稻草，马还是丝毫没有感觉；又添加一根……
大班音乐教案：我是小小蒲公英
活动目标:1.初步熟悉和感受乐曲旋律,能按老师的提示表演舞蹈.2.根据已有经验,技能,大胆创编动作.3.能与同组的伙伴协调配合,友好交流.能亲密,轻柔的接触舞伴. 舞蹈音乐:该舞蹈表现的是蒲公英种子的传播,生长过程.即一开始蒲公英是一个绒球的状态,在风中摇摆.当风吹来,蒲公英种子随风四处飘扬,落地,生长,开花.一般节奏轻松的音乐都可以使用.音乐的结构为ABA式.由此表现蒲公英从整体到分散再到整体的三个状态. 活动准备:1.录音磁带,录音机,录像带,录像机 2.四色绒球,,每种个6个.(视本班情况而定),让幼儿戴在手腕上,同色的为一组.3.幼儿知道蒲公英的外形和播种形式,并且能看懂简单的舞蹈图谱. 活动过程:
四年级下册《小英雄雨来》教案
1. 通过在教师指导下的独立阅读，初步理解内容，学习小英雄雨来热爱祖国、憎恨敌人、机智勇敢的优秀品质。2. 继续练习用比较快的速度阅读课文，读后能说出每一部分的主要内容。3. 练习给每一部分课文加小标题。【教学重点、难点】用较快的速度阅读课文，说出每一部分的主要内容。【教学时间】1课时。【设计理念】本文虽是略读课文，但由于篇幅较长，可以安排一课时完成。教学中要练习用比较快的速度阅读课文，培养学生的自读能力。先通读课文，用比较快的速度默读课文，了解雨来是哪里人，生活在哪个年代？为什么称他是小英雄？大体了解课文主要讲了什么。全文研读时一部分一部分地阅读、思考，特别重点理解我们是中国人，我们爱自己的祖国这句话。在全面理解课文内容的基础上给各部分加小标题。最后进行总结扩展：观看情景剧；建议学生找来管桦小说的原著读一读。【教学过程】一、激发情感，释题引疑1、课件演示：小雨来与鬼子斗争的片断。问：你们想认识这位小英雄吗？2、出示课题：(1) 理解课题：齐读课题你从中知道了什么？小——指的是雨来的年龄小，是一个少年。英雄——指的“是雨来的特点。雨来——课文中的主人公。课题表现出文章的中心——英雄。(2) 引导到学生质疑：看到课题后，你还想知道什么？（为什么称雨来是小英雄？）（从课文中的哪些地方可以看出雨来是一位小英雄？）
《谁说女子不如男》教案
教学过程： 一、导入：师生问好！二、新课教学：1、教师课前要了解各小组的学习情况：戏种以及相关知识等有关资料的准备情况。2、播放歌曲《看大戏》提问：上节课我们了解了什么戏剧？今天哪个小组的同学向大家介绍他们学习的内容？ 3、欣赏《花木兰》选段──谁说女子不如男设问的问题：▲简单了解《花木兰》的剧情。▲模唱：感受音乐风格。 4、欣赏豫剧《谁说女子不如男》设问的问题：▲揭示曲名：《谁说女子不如男》。▲乐曲的旋律由几个部分组成？各部分的速度、情绪怎样？分别描绘了怎样的情景？▲这首戏曲的主要伴奏乐器是什么？▲猜一猜：这首乐曲采用哪个戏种的基本音调？