(学生展开畅叙所谈,言之有理即可。)归纳:以上因素在人物语言表达中是综合体现的,所以在写作时必须周密思考,使人物语言体现的人物性格更丰富,更有立体感。(3)行动描写矛盾先生曾说:“人物性格必须通过行动来表现。”我们在写作文时,应当注意描写最能揭示人物本身的独特性格的,最合乎人物地位,身份的动作,从而使人物形象更生动。行动描写要注意哪些方面?A、选择具有代表性,最能表现人物性格的行动来写。如《守财奴》中的老葛朗台的性格特点。B、要善于选择具有表现力的动词,把人物的行动准确传神地描写出来。(4)侧面描写写作不仅可以从正面对人物加以刻画,也可以通过周围各种不同人物的眼看,嘴讲等方式,从侧面起到烘托某个特定人物的作用。(请学生欣赏片段《茶花女》,《红楼梦》,教师归纳。)
三、宗教改革:1、背景:(1)文艺复兴的影响。文艺复兴中,人文主义学者尽管对宗教保持较为温和的态度,但其以人为中心的思想极大地冲击了天主教的精神独裁,天主教的权威日益受到人们的怀疑。(2)天主教会对欧洲尤其是德意志的压榨。中世纪的天主教会对人民进行严密的精神统治,基督教信仰的核心是“原罪”和“灵魂救赎”,即人生下来就有罪,只有信仰上帝,跟随耶稣才能得救。就“灵魂救赎”而言,最初强调的是个人信仰的作用,后来,神学家们又加上了种种繁杂的宗教礼仪,而且必须得到神职人员的帮助,灵魂才能得救。在经济上,天主教会还是最大的封建主,占有大量的土地,并征收什一税,对各国人民大肆搜刮。罗马教廷每年从德意志搜刮的财富达30万古尔登(货币单位),相当于“神圣罗马帝国”皇帝每年税收额的20倍。德意志也成了被教会榨取最严重的地区,素有“教皇的乳牛”之称。
【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with the grammar: tag questions.This period carries a considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ spoken English. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercise of good quality.【教学目标与核心素养】1. Get students to have a good understanding of the basic usages of tag questions.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Develop students’ speaking and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.【教学重难点】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the basic usages of tag questions.2. How to enable students to use the basic usages of tag questions flexibly.【教学过程】Step1: 语法自主探究一、基本组成方法1.肯定式陈述部分+否定附加疑问部分(前肯后否) You often play badminton, don’t you? 你经常打羽毛球,是吗?You are going to the gym with me, aren’t you?你要和我一起去健身房,是吗?She’s been to shanghai before, hasn’t she? 她以前去过上海,是吗?2.否定式陈述部分+肯定附加疑问部分(前否后肯) It isn't a beautiful flower, is it? 那不是美丽的花,是吗?You didn't go skating yesterday, did you? 你昨天没去滑冰,是吗?They can’t finish it by Friday, can they?他们不能在星期五之前完成,是吗?
【教学设计】一、教学目的:1、引导学生关注生活,向生活学习语言。2、了解新词新语,能正确评价和运用新词新语。二、教学重难点:1、重点:认识并评价新词新语。2、难点:如何评价新词新语三、教学用时:一课时四、教学过程预设(一)导入新课以前如果有人说我可爱,我会很高兴:我还是有优点的哦。现在如果有人说我可爱,我就会心里嘀咕了:这是什么意思呀?同学们知道这有什么意思吗?(可爱=可怜没人爱)如果大家留心就会发现,类似这样的词语很多,在网上是特别流行,很新颖、独特,谁来列举几个?(点评学生所列举出的词语)网络上有新词新语,其它媒体(如报刊、电视等)都有新词新语。关于新词新语的概念,一般认为,新近创造出来的词语,或是旧词新用,这样的词语就叫新词新语。
天上有明月,年年照相思。她夜夜沉醉在梦中。梦把空间缩短了,梦把时间凝固了,梦把世界净化了。梦中没有污秽,没有嘈杂,没有邪恶;梦中没有分离,没有创伤,没有痛苦;梦中只有柔和的月色,只有温馨的爱;梦使她永远年轻,使她不原醒来。…………啊,那个世界,是为天下最真最善最美的心灵准备的,艺术家怀着虔诚的情感,用充满魔力的琴弦,在人们的心中筑起了一座不朽的天堂,它像天地一样长久,日月一样永恒!新月微微地闭着眼睛,她清清楚楚地看到了那座天堂,真真切切地触到了那座天堂,冰凌砌成墙壁,白云铺成房顶,雾霭织成纱幔,星星串成明灯;在那里,她的头发像沐浴之后那样清爽柔软,随风飘拂,她的肌肤像披着月光那样清凉润滑,她的那颗心啊,像浸润着蒙蒙细雨的花蕾,挂着晶莹的露珠,自由地呼吸……她沉醉在那个一尘不染的美好的境界,如歌如诗,如梦如幻,如云如月,如水如烟……
3.作者为什么不直接描写人们看见东西呢?请同学们找出其中的细节描写,并说明有什么表达效果。答:侧面烘托,正是作者高明之处,这也是许多佳作常用之法。细节描写往往会成为事情的切入点和突破口,一篇佳作往往离不开一些细节描写,本文也不例外,有些细节描写耐人寻味,如:“德国人撤退时炸毁的布热金卡毒气室和焚尸炉废墟上,雏菊花在怒放。”“这是一个二十多岁的姑娘,长得丰满,可爱,皮肤细白,金发碧眼。她在温和地微笑着,似乎是为着一个美好而又隐秘的梦想而微笑。”4.句子赏析:“对另外一些人来说,这样一个事实使他们终生难忘:在德国人撤退时炸毁的布热金卡毒气室和焚尸炉废墟上,雏菊花在怒放。”明确:一边是戕害生命的毒气室和焚尸炉,一边是生机勃勃的生命,两种反差极大的事物摆在一起。表达了作者对纳粹的讽刺:纳粹的残暴终归阻止不了生命的进程。同时也表达了作者的控诉:生命的绽放是人世间最美好的事情,对生命的戕害是最恶劣的罪行。
“千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨曲中论。”“怨恨”两字点明全篇主旨。千百年来,琵琶所演奏的总是从匈奴传来的撩人愁思的胡乐,正是昭君在诉说着她的怨恨!这两句从侧面烘托昭君的形象,既有对她的赞扬,又有对她的同情。读到这里,我们的耳边好像又响起了那深沉、幽怨的琵琶声!5、这首诗写的是昭君的怨恨,但首联一开始并没有写她的怨恨,写的是什么?这样写的目的又是什么?明确:群山万壑赴荆门山是群山起伏,连绵不绝;水是万壑争流,奔腾不息,直赴荆门山。其中的“赴”字用了拟人的手法,把迤逦不绝的千山万壑陡然间写活了,既有飞动之势,又有变幻之姿。从侧面烘托昭君的形象。两千多年前,一个青年女子远离父母之邦,嫁到异域,并在那里度过一生,确实需要巨大的勇气和毅力,而这雄伟的山川简直就是她那坚强的性格的象征。6、佳句鉴赏(这首诗歌当中,我认为有两句诗写得非常美,我自己很喜欢,不知道有没有同道中人?)
虚构不等于说假话。它是一种源于生活,但高于生活的艺术真实。我们可以举个例子:我国公认的最权威最真实的史书是——《史记》,那么,大家认为《史记》里有没有虚构呢?有。必修一的《鸿门宴》里就有虚构。大家想:司马迁是哪个朝代的人?西汉汉武帝时。刘邦项羽是哪个朝代的?秦末时期。那司马迁不可能坐时光穿梭机到秦末去参加鸿门宴吧?既然他没不在场,那课文《鸿门宴》里人物的语言、动作、甚至是表情从何而来呢?对,是司马迁根据有限的史料加以补充,想象、虚构出来的。那么,同学们在写作文时,也可以不必拘泥于亲身经历的事情,毕竟生活是平淡的,毕竟大家的生活阅历也有限,有时候,我们发挥想象、虚构一个故事来反映生活的真实,也许更生动、也更典型。所以,近年来高考试卷中都提示考生:作文可以大胆想象,编写故事。按照编故事的方式不同,我们的虚构性作文又可以写哪些类型呢:小说,散文,童话,寓言,科幻,故事新编……
据此,研究者认为我国的姓源于原始社会母系氏族时期,并作为一个血缘家族的称号。氏隶属于姓。夏、商、周时期,姓氏作为贵族间区别不同血缘关系的一种制度。自秦汉以后,姓氏不分,合二而一。3、大家有没有听说过《水浒传》中一个人物“西门庆”,他姓西门,为什么姓西门呢?他家住在西门这个地方。大家想想东郭先生为何姓东郭?可见有按居住地而得姓。4、现在如果赋予同学们一个神圣的职责,让你们给一个人赐姓,这个人是杀猪杀鸡杀鸭的,你们觉得要给他一个什么样的姓才合适呢?(自由讨论,姓“屠”)明确:这就是姓氏来源的又一种方法,按照职业取姓。大家想一想有没有其他按照职业得姓的姓氏?(巫、卜、陶等)5、大家通过预习有没有发现其他获得姓氏的方法。(国名、自己祖先的字等。)姓在母系氏族社会以后,逐渐增多,来源极广。主要来源于封国名、谥号、爵位名、官名、居地、职业等。
论证方法之引证法如何用好引证法:1.所引用的名言警句等针对性要强。每句名言都产生于特定的背景,都应用于特定的交际目的,即使谈同一个问题,也有不少名言可供选取。2.要简洁,不宜过多。议论是在发表自己的见解而不是在介绍他人的见解。引用他人的话,目的是为了让读者更加信服自己的话。3.要注意直接引用和间接引用的区别。直接引用务求文字、甚至标点均准确无误;间接引用只须述其大意,但要注意人称的转换。论证方法之喻证法喻证法是用设喻来论证论点的方法。在议论文中,设喻可以使论点更易懂、更风趣、更容易获得读者的认同。喻证法能化抽象为具体、化艰深为浅显、化枯燥为生动。论证方法之喻证法如何用好喻证法:1.以小见大,就近取譬。要精选生活中细小的、人们熟悉的事物做为设喻的喻体。2.喻体不求形似,只求神似。做为喻证的喻体与做为比喻的喻体不同。比喻的喻体是为了强调特征,描绘事物,侧重形似,以形比形;而喻证的喻体是为了阐发观点,以正视听,力求神似,以义取形。
一、教学目标知识与能力:了解或掌握英国工业革命的条件和重要发明及进程,掌握工业革命的影响。分析工业革命首先发生在英国的条件和工业革命的影响,领会生产力和生产关系,经济基础和上层建筑之间的辩证关系;分析工业革命对世界市场发展的影响,提高材料解析能力;分析世界市场基本形成的影响,培养学生运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义分析历史事件的能力。过程与方法:启发式谈话法,问题探究法:层层设疑,环环相扣,由浅入深地理解知识。联系比较法:构建知识体系,突出事物特点。情感态度与价值观:懂得科学技术是第一生产力,使学生尊重科学,热爱科学;正确认识工业文明的成就与代价,帮助学生形成正确价值观;联系中国历史深刻理解科技兴国,深化改革的必要性。二、教学重点和难点重点:英国工业革命产生的原因、工业革命的主要成就和影响。难点:工业革命对资本主义世界市场发展的影响。课时安排:1课时教具准备: 多媒体课件以及相应教学资料。
5、弊端:(1)经济发展不均衡,片面发展重工业,使轻工业和农业长期处于落后状态;(2)对农民的剥夺太重,挫伤了农民的生产积极性;(3)长期执行指令性计划严重削弱了企业的生产自主权,不利于发挥企业的生产积极性,制约了苏联经济的可持续发展。(4)计划经济体制确立后,没有随着社会的变化进行调整,二战后逐渐僵化,丧失了自我完善的功能,成为苏联解体的重要因素。【合作探究】斯大林模式的评价及经验教训:积极:①使苏联迅速实现了 工业化②苏联经济实力的迅速增长,为反法西斯战争的胜利奠定了 物质基础 。消极:①政治:高度集权,破坏了 民主与法制 ; ②经济:优先发展重工业使 农业和轻工业长期处于落后状态,农民生产积极性不高;计划指令,压制了地方和企业的积极性,阻碍苏联经济的发展高度集中的计划经济体制,成为东欧剧变和苏联解体的重要原因。
战国阴阳五行家邹衍认为,历史中的朝代更替是由于五德运行产生的影响。按照邹衍的学说,每个朝代必须与五德之一相连,因此,这个朝代就应当遵循这五德之一的要求来运转。董仲舒修改了这个理论,认为朝代的更替不是依循五德运行的顺序,而是依循“三统”,即黑统、白统、赤统的顺序。他在《三代改制质文》中说:每个朝代都依循一统,每统又各有其为政的系统。按董仲舒的说法,夏朝代表黑统,商朝代表白统;周朝则是赤统。夏、商、周三朝完成了这一历史循环。之后,历史又开始一次新的循环,新的朝代又应当代表黑统。继承周朝统治的既不是秦朝,也不是汉朝,而是孔子,他承受天命,创立了黑统。孔子所受天命,不是一种“法统”,而是一种“道统”。董仲舒说:“《春秋》大一统者,天地之常经,古今之通谊也。今师异道,人异论,百家殊方,指意不同,是以上亡以持一统;法制数变,下不知所守。臣愚以为诸不在六艺之科孔子之术者,皆绝其道,勿使并进。邪辟之说灭息,然后统纪可一而法度可明,民知所从矣。”
设问:你怎么看待这个问题的?(这是达尔文没有想到的,是有人利用了达尔文的学说,科学应该与其区分开来,但是科学家在研究时,既要做到为追求真理不断探索,又要有一定的人文精神,比如我们只有以人为本,才能找到解决当今社会面临的诸如环保、战争、饥荒等问题的途径,才能构建防止核物理技术、克隆技术、信息技术、生物技术、太空技术等可能对人类造成不可逆转的破坏作用的思想基础、决策机制和社会条件。更重要的是社会和国家应该对此有足够的认识,正因为此,所以现在当一项科学发明出台后,就会有一些法律出台,限制其可能的非人道用途。但是这些影响应不成为我们进行科学探究的阻碍。)(3)科学与宗教的斗争设计意图:再次引导学生认识,科学的探索永无止境,同时也再次认识宗教和科学理论产生的原因。材料1:1972年,美国加利福尼亚教育部竟明文规定,中学生物学课本除进化论外,必须还有神创论的内容,而且两者的页数要各占一半。
Step 2 Listening and Talking1. The teacher is advised to talk with their new students about the related topic: Boys and girls, do you know some structures to talk about future activities? Talking about future activitiesWe’ll …I plan to …There’ll be …I hope to …We’re going to …2. After their small talk, the teacher can move on by playing the listening and solve the following task.Underline the expressions in the sentences below Cao Jing and Max use to talk about the future.We’ll learn useful skills.I plan to improve my spoken English.There’ll be students from different schools.I hope to make new friends.We’ll talk about teenage life.I’ll learn to make a fire.There’ll be students from different countries at the camp.There’ll be some experts there to show us how to live in the wild.We’re going to learn about wildlife.I’m going to give a speech.I think I’m going to enjoy the activities.I think we’ll have a lot of fun.3. Work in groups. Plan a youth camp.Teacher make the Ss think of ideas for the camp. And they can use the questions below to get started. And have the Ss present their ideas for a youth camp to the class.●What kind of camp is it?●Who will be there?●What will they do?●What will they learn?
Finally, after finishing the task above, the teacher is expected to instruct students to work in groups to finish the following project:Speaking ProjectWhat event or activity would you like to invite your friend to? Make a conversation with a partner.Ski Race: Zhangjiakou, a beautiful city in northern China, will host the Youth Ski Race in December.Track Meet: a great event for track –and –field lovers on 26 October.Gym Class: come and work out at a gym! You can make it.Part 2: Listening and Talking:The teacher is advised to talk with their new students about the related topic: Boys and girls , what do you think of sportsmanship? Let’s listen and find out:Play the listening and match each opinion with the right speaker. Who do you agree with? Why?Cao Jing _____________ Lily _____________ Max _____________A. An athlete should do his/her best to win.B. The girl should stop and help the other girl. Good sportsmanship is more important than wining!C. An athlete should think about honor and his/her fans if he/she is competing for his/her country.Listen again and circle the expressions that you hear in the conversation.
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
Example:One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by sending newspapers door to door found that he only had one dime(一角)left. He was so hungry that he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you?” “You don’t owe me anything,” she replied, “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” With these words, Howard Kelly left that house.Years later the woman became badly ill and was finally sent to the hospital in a big city. Dr. Howard Kelly, now famous, was called in. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes. Dressed in his doctor’s clothes, Dr. Kelly went into her room and recognized her at once. From that day on, he gave special attention to her, and decided to do his best to save her life.At last the woman was saved. Dr. Kelly asked the business office to pass the final bill to him. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to the woman’s room. She was afraid to open it because she was sure that it would take the rest of her life to pay for it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention. She read these words: “Paid in full with a glass of milk, Dr. Howard Kelly.” Tear of joy flooded her eyes.
Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. Places to visit...well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall first.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have. Why ?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King.Justin: Really? Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought.Justin:Sounds great, thanks.Answers:Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Do you have any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, that’s cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. What are some places to visit in Guizhou ? Well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall is the first place to visit in Guizhou Province.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West . Why do you ask if I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King from Journey to the West.Justin: That’s really true? It’s Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages on your trip to Guizhou Province. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought it was.Justin:This all sounds great, thanks.
The topic of this part is “Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity”.This section focuses on Chinese culture by introducing Chinatown, whose purpose is to show the relationship between the Chinese culture and American culture. The Chinese culture in Chinatown is an important part of American culture. Chinatown is an important window of spreading Chinese culture and the spirit homeland of oversea Chinese, where foreigners can experience Chinese culture by themselves.Concretely, the title is “Welcome to Chinatown!”, from which we can know that the article aims at introducing Chinatown. The author used the “Introduction--Body Paragraph--Conclusion” to describe the people, language, architecture, business, famous food and drinks and people’s activities, which can be a centre for Chinese culture and shows its unique charm.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information.2. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.3. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.4. Learn to correct others’ writing.1. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.2. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.Step 1 Lead in ---Small talkIn the reading part, we mentioned the Chinatown of San Francisco. How much do you know about Chinatown of San Francisco ?Chinatown is a main living place for Chinese immigrants, where you can see many Chinese-style buildings, costumes, operas, restaurants, music and even hear Chinese.Step 2 Before reading ---Predict the contentWhat is the writer’s purpose of writing this text ? How do you know ?From the title(Welcome to Chinatown) and some key words from the text(tourist, visit, visitors, experience), we can know the purpose of the text is to introduce Chinatown and show the relationship between Chinese culture and American culture.
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