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人教版高中语文必修3《过秦论》说课稿3篇
本文篇幅较长，并且有一字句不易理解，因而对高一学生来说完全读懂内容有一些困难。这样的话，老师就要做好引导工作，把一些难点，或是出现词类活用比较多，局势比较特殊的句子，老师可以先给学生画出来，存疑，或是与同学们一起讨论解决。对那些不易懂的字词就引导学生联系上下文提供的语境、前后涉及的情节加以推测、判断，以培养学生依据文脉推断词义的好方法。要求学生点出重点实词、框出通假字，主要是为帮助学生积累和掌握一些文言文中常见的一词多义、异读现象、古今异义和通假现象的词语，并进一步得出规律，指导今后的文言文学习。词类活用和特殊句式在文言文翻译中难度较大，也是本文教学的两大难点。要求学生标出有活用现象的字和划出句式特殊的句子，是基于两点考虑：1、积累一定数量的第一手例句；2、引导学生加以分类，找出每类的相同特征，并抽取出来形成规律性的东西，从而上升到理性认识，使学生能由学会一个到会学多个。翻译过程中注重指导学生养成用符号法表示重点字句的好习惯，如点、框、圈、划线等符号应约定一致，便于突出翻译中的重点、难点及复习。我的提示着重归纳了实词“制”“亡”“遗”“利”等，名词活用、形容词活用、使动用法，被动句、状语后置句。
人教版高中语文必修3《祝福》说课稿3篇
各位评委老师，大家好。我说课的题目是《祝福》。一、说教材（一）教材所处的位置和地位高中语文新课程教材必修五本书，共有2个单元中外小说单元。一个必修3的第一单元，一个是必修5的第一单元，共六篇文章。（《林黛玉进贾府》《祝福》《老人与海》《林教头风雪山神庙》《装在套子里的人》《边城》）《祝福》是属于前者。小说是拥有众多读者的一种文体，它可以多方面刻画人物性格，描摹人物心理，完整地表现人物之间的冲突，还可以具体生动地再现人物生活的环境，因此在反映复杂的社会生活方面具有独特优势。所以学习小说这种文学样式，也是有助于学生学会鉴赏小说的基本方法，为将来的小说阅读打下基础。鲁迅的《祝福》是中国现代小说的精品，当中的人物祥林嫂也是鲁迅小说中与阿Q、孔乙己三个最为出名的人物之一。研读好这篇文章，对将来小说的阅读，小说中人物的理解，甚至小说的写作都有深广意义。
人教版高中历史必修3启蒙运动说课稿
教材地位本课具有承上启下的作用，前承文艺复兴，后启资产阶级革命时代的到来，启蒙运动为资本主义社会构建了一套政治蓝图，具有前瞻性，是近代第二次思想解放运动。因此，本节内容在整个教材中有着很重要的地位。教学目标1、知识目标：（1）帮助学生了解启蒙运动的性质、内容和主要启蒙 思想家及其主张。（2）理解启蒙运动兴起的背景、影响。2、能力目标：（1）在讨论和探究过程中训练学生的科学思维方法和自主学习的能力和掌握解题的方法。（2）通过指导学生阅读启蒙思想家的言论资料，培养学生对历史资料的理解和归纳能力。3、情感价值目标：（1）培养人文意识，强化法治观念。（2）培养学生的团结协作精神和竞争意识。教学重点、难点(1)教学重点：启蒙思想家的主张及启蒙运动的影响。
人教版高中历史必修3宋明理学说课稿3篇
陆王心学与程朱理学相比有何异同？生 不同点：在理的内涵上不同，程朱理学认为“理”是贯通于宇宙、人伦的客观存在，是一种普遍的规律准则；陆王心学认为心即理，是“良知”，认为人心便是世界万物的本原。方法上也有不同：前者向外追究，“格物致知”；后者向内探求，“发明本心”以求理，克服私欲、回复良知。生 相同点：都提出了一个宇宙、社会、人生遵循的“理”。师 对。程朱理学是客观唯心主义，阳明心学是主观唯心主义。这两者的分歧是理学范围内的分歧，其基本思想是一致的。师 宋明理学与汉唐以前的儒学比较，最大的特点在于批判地吸收了佛教哲学的思辨结构和道教的宇宙生成论，将儒家的伦理学说概括升华为哲学基本问题。其实质是把佛、道“养性”“修身”引向儒家的“齐家”“治国”“平天下”，对儒家的纲常道德给予哲学论证，使之神圣化、绝对化、普遍化，以便深入人心，做到人人遵而行之。
人教版高中政治必修1兼顾效率与公平说课稿
（3）如何做到兼顾效率与公平？这部分知识点我结合上面的图片，设疑：“请大家对这一社会现象进行讨论，我们如何才能做到既坚持效率又兼顾公平？”导入这部分的分析。学生在讨论的过程中对如何兼顾效率与公平已经形成了一定的见解，结合图片，为兼顾效率与公平献计献策，寻求两者的最佳结合点。幻灯片展示：怎样才能做到兼顾效率与公平？第一，允许和鼓励一部分地区和个人通过诚实劳动和合法经营先富起来，带动其他地区和个人致富，最终达到共同富裕。第二，既要反对平均主义，又要防止收入差距悬殊。既要落实分配政策，又要提倡奉献精神；在鼓励人们创业致富，提倡回报社会和先富帮后富。第三，必须正确处理初次分配注重效率与再次分配注重公平的关系。在讲授过程中，还展示大量图片。结合图片分析。设计意图：体现课堂上学生的主体地位，让学生在观看中体验，在讨论中升华，从而体会构建和谐社会的重要意义。
人教版高中政治必修1股票与债券说课稿
一、说教材（一）说教材的地位和作用《股票、债券、保险》是人教版必修1《经济生活》第六课，第二框题的内容。本框题承接前面“企业与劳动者”：企业的发展资金从何而来，同时又为下一课“个人收入与分配”做好了铺垫，它在整个教材中起承上启下的作用。因此，本框题在《经济生活》中具有不容忽视的重要的地位。（二）说教学目标根据高一新课程标准要求，本教材的结构和内容分析，结合着高一年级学生的认知结构及其心理特征，我制定了以下的教学目标：1、知识目标（1）股票的含义、收益、特点和发展股票市场的意义。（2）债券的含义与分类（3）商业保险的含义与订立原则2、能力目标（1）重点培养学生辩证思维的能力，发现和分析、解决问题的能力。3、情感、态度与价值观目标培养科学理财的意识，形成“投资理财，利国利己”的观念。（三）说教学的重、难点本着高一新课程标准，在吃透教材基础上，我确定了以下的教学重点和难点
人教版高中政治必修1消费及其类型说课稿
（三）课堂小结接着进行课堂小结，先让学生自主总结，教师结合学生的总结，补充完善总结本节课的知识。并进行感情升华。这样设计课堂小结，是为了让学生学会自主总结知识，加深印象，教师总结帮助学生理清本课知识结构，并起到升华本节课的感情基调，落实教学目标。（四）课堂练习我将设计两道题让同学们做，巩固课堂知识。本课题板书设计我主要采用大纲的形式展现，让学生一目了然，便于识记和理解主干知识。五、教学预测最后我对本节课教学的效果进行预测：在这个教学过程中我都是从学生生活中感知的现象入手，设计情境，预设学生的分析，学生的体验，学生的感知，教师的点拨等。设计问题，学生自主合作探究，完成教学！通过这样的学习我想一定会收到较好的教学效果，当然，在实际的教学中，肯定也会出现一些意想不到的情况，我还会根据教学过程中的动态变化，及时地调整和修改预设内容。
人教版高中政治必修3建设学习型社会说课稿
解析：材料是讲学习型社会所产生的影响，A项观点错误，在当前和今后相当长的时间里，学校教育仍然是人们获得知识的最重要的途径。B项观点错误，终身学习只是成就人生目的的手段、途径，而不是目的本身。D项说法错误，当前我国社会的中心工作是经济建设。二、问答题5.材料一：日本是公认的漫画大国，日本的动漫产业产值每年230万亿日元，成为日本的第二大支柱产业。在日本，漫画比电影、小说有时甚至比电视或音乐更受欢迎。日本漫画的热潮还席卷了世界：日本每年出口到美国的卡通片价值就达5 000亿日元，是日本对美国钢铁出口金额的4倍；漫画中的人物被迅速复制成电子游戏、卡通片及真人演出的节目。原来只是闲暇时候消遣的漫画，正飞速渗透到人们的生活中。值得警惕的是，除了催人奋进的精华之外，日本漫画中也存在暴力、色情、扭曲历史等诸多糟粕，对缺乏辨别能力的青少年产生了许多不良影响，更引发了一系列深刻的社会问题。
人教版高中政治必修3聚焦文化竞争力说课稿
（1）文化与经济、政治在经济基础上相互影响。①经济、政治和文化是社会生活的三个基本领域。其中，经济是基础，政治是经济的集中表现，文化是经济和政治的反映。一定的文化由一定的经济、政治所决定，又反作用于一定的政治、经济，给予政治、经济以重大影响。②经济发展是文化发展的基础。但这并不意味着文化的发展始终与经济的发展亦步亦趋。如同不能简单地把精神文明看作是物质文明的派生物和附属品一样，也不能简单地认为文化是经济、政治的派生物和附属品。文化有其自身的传承性和相对的独立性。那种认为只要物质条件好了，精神文化自然而然地就会好起来，物质条件差一点，精神文化就不可能搞好的观点，不符合历史发展的事实，是不正确的。③掀开历史的画卷，文化既有古今和地域之别，又有先进与落后、腐朽之分。不同的文化，对经济、政治的影响不同，对社会发展的作用也不同。不同民族的文化，影响不同民族和国家各具特色的发展道路。
人教版高中政治必修4价值与价值观说课稿（二）
二、学生情况分析(说学法)1、学生学习基础分析：学生通过对《生活与哲学》前面三个单元的学习，初步掌握了运用唯物论、辩证法、认识论的观点去认识问题、分析问题的能力；再通过对第十一课的学习，学生对马克思主义的历史观有了初步的理解，初步树立了正确的理想信念，这为本课教学目标的落实奠定了知识基础。 2、学生能力分析 ：高二学生拥有一定生活体验，具备一定的信息收集和筛选能力、阅读能力、语言表达能力、对问题的一定的探究能力，同伴合作能力和具备初步逻辑思维能力。3、学生心理分析：在我国现阶段，以为人民服务为核心的社会主义道德建设过程中涌现了大批的先进人物和道德典范，但同时由于社会价值的多元化，个人主义、享乐主义、拜金主义等资本主义腐朽思想也同样在影响着当代的中学生。
人教版高中英语必修1Journey Down the Mekong说课稿
2. let the Ss complete the forms paragraph by paragraph. Purpose here is to help Ss to get the habit of reading a passage as a whole, and pay attention to the organization of the text, as a result the Ss will fully understand the whole passage.3. ask Ss to retell the passage with the help of the key words in the form.Since the Ss in the class are in different levels, so I let them to fill in the blank to understand the meaning of the words and phrases better. ( That’s all for the while-reading. Now let’s move to the fifth step.)Step V: Post-reading (10mins) ---DiscussionIn this part students are asked to discuss in groups and list Wang Kun’s and Wang Wei’s attitudes about the trip. After that, Ss are encouraged to express their attitudes with the whole class. Collect their answers and don’t forget to praise them even if their answers may not be perfect.In this activity, discussion provides a vivid and active learning environment for Ss to communicate in English with newly learned language items. (Finally it comes to the homework.)StepⅥ: Homework (1min)1. Ss are required to read the text again after class and figure out the meaning of some complex sentences.2. Do the exercises on P19; This can help Ss to consolidate what they’ve learnt and make preparation for the next lessonPart4. Blackboard design.（说板书设计）On the top, there is the title of this lesson. On the left, there are main ideas for each paragraph. On the right, there are some new words and expressions.Unit 3 Travel journalJourney down the MekongMain idea of each para.:Para1: deciding to take a great bike trip along the Mekong river.Para2: Different attitudes between Wang kun and Wang wei.
人教版高中英语必修1Anne's best friend说课稿
Step 7 Language points 1．Vocabulary (1) go through (2) set down (3) a series of (4) on purpose (5) in order to (6)at dusk (7)entirely (8)face to face 2．Important sentences (1)…I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. (2)There was a time when … (3)I stayed awake on purpose until … (4)It was the first time … that I’d seen the night … (5)It’s no pleasure looking through … Purpose: 1．Master the required vocabulary and sentence structures. 2．Use them freely. Step 8 Consolidation 1．Find out the topic sentences 2．Retell the text according to the topic sentences Purpose: I want to know if my students understand the text. Step 9 Discussion Imagine you have to go into hiding like Anne and her family, what would you miss most? Giveyour reasons. Purpose: Train Ss’ oral English ability. Step 10 Homework Write an article on Friends. Purpose: 1． Improve the Ss’ writing ability. 2 Train the Ss’ ability of self—teaching and looking up information by themselves. Part 5 Blackboard design（说板书设计）Unit 1 Friendship Reading Anne’s Best Friend 1．Main idea of each paragraph: Para. 1 Anne made her diary her best friend. Para .2 Anne wrote her feelings in her diary. Para .3 Anne missed nature. Para.4 Anne saw the night face to face Para.5 Anne wanted to experience nature outdoors. 2．Listening: Exx.1 P3 3．Discussion: Exx.3 P3 Purpose: 1．Make Ss familiar with the passage 2．Make the design inductive, instructive and artistic.
人教版高中英语必修4A taste of English Humor说课稿3篇
Then I would ask them to think of a funny English or Chinese and tell it to partners. While telling stories, they can use expressions and some acting to help make the story funny. 5 minutes would be given to do this.Those stories they told there will be the material for their writing. Soletting them tell it at first is helpful. And they can make a difference between telling a funny story and writing it down. Generally speaking, it is difficult forstudents to write well because they don’t know what to write and how to write. Asking them to tell their own stories at first can help them come up with what to write.After their telling, I would invite someone to share his/her story with all of us and I would write it down on the blackboard.This example story would be used as a sample to illustrate the format of funny story. Different from a story from teacher or textbook, a story from students can obviously become a interesting material to draw students’ attention.Then I would ask the whole class to put this story into several parts. It might be a little bit difficult for them. So I would ask them to find out whether all the sentences are necessary. After delete some sentences, there are 6 sentences left behind. Then they can easily put them into three parts. After interaction with students, I would teach them the right terms for each part and conclude the format of funny story.This step is the key and difficult point in my lesson. So I mainly usetask-based teaching method in this part and the task for students was divided into several stages. With the separated difficult level, students can find there are usually three parts in writing. They can also learn to write without the unnecessary parts in the process of analyzing. And then I wouldn’t rush to tell them the right terms to them directly. Instead, I would ask them to name them by their own. A confused mind is better for acquiring knowledge.While-writing:Then I would give students 7 minutes to write down this story, without other requirements.With all the preparations in pre-writing, students’ difficulties were cleared. So it would be much easier for them to write down the story within 7 minutes. There are no other requirements because students’ first writing is actually a drafting. It would be revise and edit several times later. Writing, as a skill
人教版高中英语必修3Canada-the true north说课稿4篇
Good afternoon, teachers, It’s my great pleasure to be here sharing my lesson with you.The content of my lesson is Senior English Book 3 Unit 5 Canada —— “The true North”.I’ll be ready to begin this lesson from five parts. Analysis of the teaching material,the teaching methods,the studying methods, the teaching procedure,and Blackboard design.First, let me talk about the teaching material.Part 1 Teaching Material:This unit is about the introduction of Canada. By studying of this unit,we’ll enable the students to learn the geography, population, main cities, and natural beauty, natural resources of Canada. Through the training of the unit, it also requires students to learn some Language skills such as the expressions of position and emotions.So it plays an important part in the English teaching in this book.After studying the teaching material and analyzing the rule of children’s growing of mind,I think the teaching aims are the followings:1.Knowledge objects:(1) make the students learn some new words and phrases(2) make the students understand the content of the lesson.2.Ability objects:(1)To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Especially reading and speaking ability.(2) learn to talk about the characters of Canada in English(3)To train the Ss’ ability of working in pairs.3.Emotion objects:(1)Enable students to understand the characters of Canada..(2)Stimulate Ss to work hard to make China stronger.Part 2 Teaching Methods:I think helping students learn to master new words and phrases and improve the students’ reading and speaking ability is import and the difficult.According to the analysis of the teaching material and the import points and the difficult points,I will use the following teaching methods : question-guiding approach; fast-reading and careful reading; multi-media teaching methods; discussion
人教版高中英语必修4Women of achievement说课稿4篇
Good morning, distinguished judges:It’s my honor to talk about my teaching ideas with you. Today my topic is Women of Achievement. My presentation consists of six parts: the analysis of teaching material and student, teaching aims, key and difficult points, teaching and studying method, teaching procedures and blackboard design.First, let’s focus on the analysis of teaching material. This lesson is from New Senior English for China Student’s Book 4 Unit 1, the reading part. The main topic of the passage is the introduction of a student of Africanwildlife. After this lesson, the students will learn more information about her studying chimps in Africa, and their reading and speaking abilities can be developed as well.The next part is the analysis of students. My students are in senior high students. They have learnt English for many years, they’ve known many words and sentences, but their speaking and reading abilities are still not very good. So I will practice their speaking and reading abilities through different exercises.According to the New Standard Curriculum and the present situation, I set the teaching aims as follows: firstly, knowledge aims. Students can grasp some new words, such as worthwhile, move off. Moreover, students can understand the content of the passage and get familiar with the topic of studying chimps in wildlife. Secondly, ability aims. Students can use reading strategies such as skimming and scanning in reading process. Thirdly, emotional aims. Students can have the awareness of protecting animals and care about animals.Based on the above analysis, the key point of this lesson is to get the main idea and the detailed information from the passage; the difficult point is to talk about the wildlife protection and use reading strategies.
人教版高中英语必修3Festivals around the World说课稿3篇
Teaching plan for Unit 1 book3Good morning, teachers. It’s my great pleasure to be here because I can share my lesson with you and I can learn a lot from it. I’ll begin my lesson from the following four parts， the teaching material, the teaching methods, the studying methods and the teaching procedure.Firstly, let me talk about the teaching material. The content of my lesson is the reading passage festivals and celebrations of Unit 1 Festivals around the world. This passage is about festivals and celebrations. By studying this passage, we’ll enable the students to know that festivals exit everywhere, and many of festivals in different countries celebrate similar ideas. As we all know, the reading passage is the center of each unit. If the Ss can learn it well, it will be helpful to make the Ss learn the rest of this unit.After studying the teaching material, I think the teaching aims are as the followings:1. Knowledge aims:(1) The Ss can master the usage of the important words andexpressions.(2)The Ss can use the __________________ (grammar) in the proper situation.Make students know about the festivals all over the world and the detail of the festivals, such as origin, content, and the date of the holiday festivals.2. Ability aims:(1) Students can talk about festivals and celebrations in English(2) To improve the student’s reading ability, especially their skimming and scanning ability.3. Emotion aims:Make the Ss know about the foreign festivals, and respect other countries’ custom.Next, let’s come to the important points and the difficult points.The important point is how to make the Ss understand the text better and the difficult point is how can they talk about it. secondly， Teaching Methods:1. task-based Language Teaching2. Computer assisted language teaching.3. question-and–answer methodThirdly， Studying Methods:
人教版高中英语必修4Theme parks说课稿3篇
The oldest and the most popular park in the worldenjoy the exciting activities thereget close to the life-size cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Step 3 Pre-reading1.What do you suppose a theme park is ?2.What do you think you can see in a theme park?(1.It is a kind of amusement park which has a certain theme – that the whole park is based on. 2.buildings, castles, statues, rare animals and birds, and so on.) Step 4 Reading ----- Theme Parks –---- Fun and More Than Fun1.Predict : Read the title and the pictures on P. 34 and PredictWhat is the meaning of the title “Theme Park – Fun and more than fun”?(The title means that theme parks are fun to visit, but that they can also be educational and can offer useful information.)2.Skimming Fast read and answer:What activities can we take in a theme park?Amusement park: Bumper car Merry-go-round slide bungee jumping Free-fall rides Horror films Pirate ship Ferris wheel roller coaster3.Scanning Read again and you will find various theme parks are mentioned in the passage . Then what are they ?Theme parks: Sports theme park History theme park Culture theme park Marine or Ocean theme Park Future park Science theme park Disneyland4.Careful reading and find the main idea of each paragraph:THEME PARKS---- entertaining/ educationalPara.1 Traditional parks are places to go for relaxation and to have time away from our busy lives.Para.2 Theme parks are different They’re large and full of things to do, see and buy.Para.3 Theme parks are built around a single idea or theme. One example is a sports park.Para.4 Another kind of theme park is historical more and cultural and can be educational.Para.5 Disneylandwas the first theme park. It is based on the fantasy life and characters of Disney’s films.Para.6 Some examples of educational theme parks include sea world parks and science parks.
人教版高中英语必修4Working The Land说课稿3篇
Knowledge objectives:(1) to make Ss grasp the usage of words, expressions and sentence structures: statistics, struggle, thanks to, rid of, some patterns for persuasion, the “ing” form as subject and object;(2)to use learnt knowledge to persuade sb.Ability objectives:(1) to develop Ss’ reading skills(skimming, scanning, word guessing);(2) to improve Ss’ speaking, communicating and cooperating skills.Emotional objectives:to make Ss know the contribution of Yuan,and learn his spirit and his simple life time.Teaching important and difficult points:(1) some words, expressions and sentence structures mentioned above;(2)the content of the text;(3)training their reading and speaking skills.Teaching methods: CLT, TBLT,QT.Learning strategies: CLS, QLS, TBLS.Teaching procedures:Step 1 lead-in: (1) teacher plays a piece of recent news from CCTV about the harvest of the super hybrid rice, and ask students whether they know Yuan or not, and talk about him and his contribution.(2)Brain storm: let Ss describe Yuan in their minds including his appearance, his living condition and so on.Step 2 fast reading tasks:(1)teacher introduces Yuan and super hybrid rice(2)make Ss read the text as fast as possible with questions. Such as: what’s the general ideaof this passage? What’s Yuan’ dream? (skimming and scanning skill)Step 3 intensive reading tasks(1)let Ss read the text silently, find topic sentence of each paragraph and draw the difficult sentences and the knowledge what they don’t understand.(words guessing)(2)teacher and Ss talk about the important words, expressions and sentences together, and ask Ss to retell the content of the text.(summarizing and paraphrasing)(3)teacher summarize this part.(4) read again following the courseware.
人教版高中英语必修3The million pound bank note说课稿3篇
在接下来的细读环节，我套用了高考对阅读理解的考查方式设置了5个问题，分别为三个推理判断题，一个细节题和一个主旨大意题。学生需要对文章的内容进行分析、归纳、推理、猜测等高级思维活动才能做出正确的回答。【设计意图】这一过程是对学生进行细读的训练，培养学生获取特定信息和挖掘文章深层次信息的能力。第三环节:Intensive-reading (精读) 15′第三个环节精读，既是最重要的环节，也是突破本课重难点的关键。首先，让学生思考剧本中人物看到百万英镑前后的态度发生了怎样的变化。其次，让学生仔细阅读文章，找出可以表现人物态度变化的具体的语言和动作。最后，让学生总结人物的态度发生变化的根本原因是什么，从而引出Money Talks, 供学生思考。【设计意图】通过一系列的活动培养学生学习从人物的语言和动作探究人物的心理，使学生进一步体会戏剧语言的魅力，从而对文章背后所反映的社会问题进行思考，也为下一步的讨论环节做好铺垫。
人教版高中英语必修5First aid说课稿6篇
In this class, I have 3 teaching aims, that is, knowledge aims, ability aims and emotion aims.1) Knowledge-Teach students new words and expressions, such as temporary, bleed,sprain choke, first aid, fall ill and so on.-Enable students to have a better understanding for some basic knowledge of first aid.2) Ability-Train students’ speaking, reading and writing abilities by different teaching activities, such as skimming, comprehending, team work, role play, retelling and writing.-Develop students’ reading strategy on how to move general idea to specific information.3) Emotion-Promote students’ awareness of giving first aid.- Cultivate students’ creativities.Then let’s come to my teaching methods and activities.III. Teaching methods and activities:To achieve different teaching aims, various kinds of teaching methods and activities will be adopted throughout this period, such as TBL (task-based learning), skimming, team work, brainstorm and others, which can offer students opportunities to fulfill tasks in which they can use language to achieve a specific outcome.IV. Teaching aids:Computer and blackboardV. Teaching important points:1) Make students have a clear mind for the structure of the text.2) Help students understand the theme of the text.VI. Teaching difficulties:1) So many new words may affect students’ understanding.2) How to get students to know about the functions of the skin and thecauses, characteristics and treatments for different degree burns,and the knowledge about giving first aid. VII. Blackboard design:
