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幼儿园中班语言说课稿 老鼠三兄弟
二、说活动教材 这个故事叙述了老鼠三兄弟看到鼠妹妹穿着破衣服就悄悄地让裁缝把漂亮的布做成了女式服装这样一件事，非常温馨和感人。故事所表达的精神对道德意识还往往处于自我中心的当今的独生子女应该具有较强的心灵震动。这一形象对中班幼儿来讲是能够接受和体验的，有利于培养他们正确的道德态度和良好的道德情感。容易引起幼儿的学习兴趣，又可以扩展孩子的词汇量。其二是现在的孩子由于受生活环境限制，缺乏与周围人相处的经验，普遍存在对周围事物缺乏感情的行为，所以这一内容既符合中班幼儿的年龄特点，又符合孩子的现实需要。 整篇童话语言通俗，主题单纯，充满生活情趣。更巧妙的是：作者设置了一个悬念“你给我做……”做什么呢?作者没有直接把三兄弟让裁缝做女式服装的对话告诉幼儿，这留给幼儿一个想像、思考的空间。
幼儿园中班语言说课稿 小乌龟开店
二、目标及重难点定位 《幼儿园教育纲要》语言领域中提出：发展幼儿语言的关键是创设一个能使他们想说、敢说、喜欢说、有机会说并能得到积极应答的环境”以及要“鼓励幼儿大胆、清楚地表达自己的想法和感受，发展幼儿语言表达能力和思维能力”。活动的目标是教学活动的起点和归宿，对活动起着导向作用。根据中班幼儿年龄特点及实际情况，确立了情感、认知、能力方面的目标，其中既有独立表达的成分，又有相互融合的一面。目标为： 1、乐意参与讲述活动，体验语言交流的乐趣。 2、引导幼儿根据乌龟的特征大胆思考和想象，帮助小乌龟开店。 3、引导幼儿根据动物的不同特征大胆想象，发展幼儿的创造性思维。
幼儿园中班语言说课稿：快乐的果园
一、说设计意图 这是一首散文诗，写是的果园里一年四季都有朋友：梨树、桃树、苹果树，还有受小朋友们喜爱的小蜜蜂、小鸟、小兔等，果园有了这些朋友所以很快乐。此次教学活动就是要让小朋友感受果园的快乐，也感受朋友间带来的快乐。因此，活动以动静结合的方式，让小朋友们去理解和感受。二、说目标 活动的目标是教育活动的起点和归宿，对活动者起着导向作用。幼儿园语言教育的目标之一是“喜欢欣赏文学作品，理解作品内容，感受文学作品的美，具体地说，就是要培养幼儿爱听、爱看、爱讲、爱表演儿童文学作品，能理解并复述简短的句子。”根据中班幼儿年龄的特点及我班幼儿的实际情况，将目标定为：1、欣赏散文诗，并理解散文诗的内容，初步了解一年四季果树的变化。2、能大胆地讲述和表演，发展幼儿口语表达能力和想象能力。3、感受丰收和朋友间带来的快乐。
幼儿园中班语言说课稿：小乌龟开店
二、目标及重难点定位 《幼儿园教育纲要》语言领域中提出：发展幼儿语言的关键是创设一个能使他们想说、敢说、喜欢说、有机会说并能得到积极应答的环境”以及要“鼓励幼儿大胆、清楚地表达自己的想法和感受，发展幼儿语言表达能力和思维能力”。活动的目标是教学活动的起点和归宿，对活动起着导向作用。根据中班幼儿年龄特点及实际情况，确立了情感、认知、能力方面的目标，其中既有独立表达的成分，又有相互融合的一面。目标为：1、乐意参与讲述活动，体验语言交流的乐趣。2、引导幼儿根据乌龟的特征大胆思考和想象，帮助小乌龟开店。3、引导幼儿根据动物的不同特征大胆想象，发展幼儿的创造性思维。 我确立了目标的整和观、科学观、系统观，使活动呈现趣味性、综合性、活动性。《纲要》的基本点是以儿童发展为出发点和归宿。因此，在教学目标的确定和教学方法、过程的设计上努力体现以儿童发展为本的现代幼儿教育理念，把“乐意参与讲述活动，并能根据乌龟的特征大胆思考和想象，帮助小乌龟开店。”作为本次教学活动的重点。
国旗下的讲话—语言美，春风化雨润心田
尊敬的校领导、老师、同学们：今天我在这庄严的五星红旗下，代表121班讲话，我今天所讲的题目是《语言美，春风化雨润心田》。说话文明，举止文雅，是中华民族的传统美德。一个人，如果能够出口成章，滔滔不绝，语重心长又能催人奋发，就不仅展示了他深厚的文化功底，更体现了他高尚的品德素养。一句温暖的话语，一个体贴的眼神，看似微不足道，实则意义深远。孔子曾说过不学礼，无以立。我国是一个有着悠久历史的文明古国，具有礼仪之邦的美称。文明礼貌并非是个人生活的小事,而是一个国家社会风尚的真实反映，是一个民族道德素质水平和精神文明程度的标志.每个人从他来到这个世界的那一刻起，就需要别人的爱抚、安慰、体谅、关怀和相互帮助，都渴望真诚友情和相互帮助.当我们快乐时，需要和别人分享，有痛苦烦恼时，需要向别人倾诉
领导班子在组织生活会上的表态发言范文
一是正视自己，敢于揭丑。 在开展自我批评时，能够认真查找自身存在的“四风”问题。同志们敢于揭自己的短、亮自己的丑，注重自我净化、自我提高，体现了较高的政治素养。 二是坦诚待人，敢于批评。 同志们能够出以公心，本着对同志对工作高度负责的态度，坚持惩前毖后、治病救人的方针，开诚布公，推心置腹，对其他同志存在的“四风”问题敢于当面批评，把问题摆到桌面上，都很中肯，很有针对性，做到见人见事见思想，没有做表面文章。 三是正确对待，落实整改。 在对照检查中，同志们都能够针对自身存在的突出问题，深刻反省，自我加压，说明同志们有敢于自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的勇气和魄力，体现了同志们从我做起、立说立行、立行立改的决心和态度。 总体来讲，这次组织生活会能够认真落实中央、省市委和县委的要求，取得了阶段性成果。但是，我们也要正确地认识到，这次组织生活会成果的好坏最终还是要看实实在在的整改效果。下一步，要把组织生活会作为推进工作的新开端、新起点，立行立改，标本兼治，努力推动各项工作有新变化、新成效。下面，我再提点建议。 一要在“强担当”上做好表率。局领导班子要提高把握政治大局和政治方向的能力，严明政治纪律和政治规矩，切实将思想行动统一到区委的重大决策部署上来，打造一支敢于担当、勇于担当、善于担当的管理队伍。特别要充分认清重点工作所面临的形势、存在的困难，保持与区委的安排部署高度一致，思想上不畏惧、行动上不推诿，勇于肩扛责任不断前进。
在全市疫情防控调度会议上的发言范文
刚才，我们一起收听收看了全省疫情防控调度会议，各位省领导对全省疫情防控工作进行了再安排、再部署、再强调。各县市区各部门一定要认真抓好贯彻落实。下面，我就近期疫情防控工作，强调五点意见。 第一，要强化防控意识。当前，奥密克戎毒株的传染性、隐匿性对疫情防控工作提出了更高标准、更严要求、更多挑战。近日，各县市区接到的协查函数量明显增多，密切接触者活动范围点多面广，给我们的防控工作带来巨大压力。各县市区、各部门一定要树牢风险就在身边的意识，在状态、强部署、抓落实，决不能松懈、麻痹、侥幸，坚决守住疫情防控承德阵地。 第二，要强化关口前移。一是坚持宣传引导在前。突出目前严峻复杂的防控形势，重点宣传风险地区人员非必要不返承，告知广大市民群众非必要不聚餐、不聚会，警示风险人员必须主动报备。二是坚持防控措施在前。要严格“减聚集、控流动、严验码”要求，重点是健康码和行程码要逐一查验，口罩要戴规范。全国“两会”和冬残奥会期间，领导干部要带好头、守规矩，非必要不外出，各级各类机关企事业单位、人群团体非必要不邀请市外人员来承参加会议、培训、督导等各类活动。三是坚持主动对接在前。对境外和目前在中高风险地区人员，要主动逐一对接，讲清利弊，稳在外地。 第三，要强化防线作用。一要把牢第一道防线。所有入承大小路口都要有人在岗、有人核查，尤其是夜间值守要到位，不能松懈，逐一严查健康码和行程码。二要守好监测预警防线。所有农村（小区）、机关企事业单位、公共场所、重点场所、特殊场所要强化健康码和行程码查验，异常情况及时报告，基层医疗机构和药店发现发热病人，要第一时间留观、报告，确保闭环转运，及时检测甄别，“35+6”类重点人员核酸检测一人不漏，确保“四早”落实到位。三要筑牢三道防线。要严守三道防线，加大检查力度，落实“六必”要求，全面查控进京车辆人员，坚决防止风险人员由我市进京入张。
采购部明年工作计划
二、账务的清理。 采购是一份繁琐，复杂的工作。同时因为其工作性质关系，对公司产品的成本有直接影响。另外因为相关物资在采购工作的运作过程中不可避免的有退，换，修，废等情况发生，因此必须对每一批物资的采购以及合同执行情况进行台账记录，并且做好跟踪检查，定期盘点。这是本部门的日常工作，目前也一直都在执行着，20**年本部门将进一步对本项工作进行完善。努力做到每笔定单的进行情况都可追溯，可查核。
在全市重点工作部署会上的讲话
一、稳定经济运行，加快推动产业转型升级综合施策、精准发力，在稳增长的基础上推进转型攻坚，加快构建“X”现代产业体系。一是加大企业服务力度。落实经济运行重点指标监测调度机制，分级建立重点企业首席服务员分包制度，对企业真交心、交真心、真服务、服好务。积极借鉴X、X经验，培育国家级、省级中小企业公共服务平台和小微企业双创示范基地，支持民营经济发展壮大。加强生产要素协调保障，减少停产检修、环保限产等因素对企业运行的影响。继续实施“引金入X”，完善政府还贷周转金运营模式，引导金融机构大力支持实体经济；积极引进渤海银行、浙商银行，确保年底前华夏银行入驻；支持通达股份、中航光电等上市公司再融资X亿元，推动新区建投、西苑城投等发行债券融资X亿元。
篮球教练年度个人工作总结范文多篇
一、“准确、快速、灵活”的意义及其关系。 “准确”是篮球运动中的一个突出矛盾，通常在比赛中因传球准确性差造成很多失误，或因投篮不准带来比赛的失败。篮球比赛本身攻守双方一切技术、战术的应用和对抗的焦点就是围绕解决能否干扰对方的一切行动的准确性并争取自己尽量多把球投入对方篮圈，因此，不难看出“准确”的重要。 快速”的目的是为了出其不意，攻其不备，可以造成以多打少；“灵活”是随机应变，克服不利条件，争取有利局势，没有“快”就没有“灵活”，“快”与“灵”为“准确”创造条件，保证“准确”的发挥，“快”与“活”是手段，“准确”是目的，反之，“准确”的动作缩短了时间，争取了速度，“准确”的投篮又逼使对方扩大防区，而对方防区的扩大，更有利发挥“灵活”和“快速”的特长。由此可见，“准确”是三者核心，应占首位。 二、在篮球队训练中的运用 我一直担任校男篮教练工作，通过几年来的实践，我在训练比赛中注意贯彻“准确、快速、灵活”这一指导思想，取得了显著的成绩。我校男篮在参加市级比赛中，多年保持前几名的地位。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations教学设计二
1. Ss look at the picture and scan the passage to understand the main idea while teacher is giving the following questions to inspire Ss to think.*Where are those people?*What are they doing?*Why are they so excited?2. Ss complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form. Then discuss and check the answers with class.Answers: boring, interesting, taking, exciting, amazing3. The teacher raises questions for the students to discuss and encourages them to express their opinions.*Do you like La Tomatina? Why or why not?4. Each group representative reports the discussion result, the teacher gives feedback and the evaluation.Step 6 PracticeActivity 41. Ss complete the Ex 2 in Using structures.2. Check the answers after finishing the exercises.①The dragon boat races are the most exciting part of the Dragon Boat Festival.② The children were excited to go Easter egg hunting.③What an amazing performance! This is the best music festival I have ever been to.④We were amazed by her funny-looking hat.⑤His inspiring speech at the conference won the admiration/ favour of the audience.⑥This is a challenging game to test your memory and observation capabilities. 3. T asks Ss to finish Ex 3 and 4 in Using structures by themselves, then check the answers with class.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握动词-ing形式作定语和表语的功能和意义；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否在理解文段内容的基础上，根据上下文语境和表达逻辑，能正确运用动词-ing形式描述节日庆典。3、通过本节内容学习，学生是否归纳和积累用于表达情绪的相关词汇。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations教学设计一
本板块的活动主题是“谈论节日活动”（Talk about festival activities），主要是从贴近学生日常生活的角度来切入“节日”主题。学生会听到发生在三个国家不同节日场景下的简短对话，对话中的人们正在参与或将要亲历不同的庆祝活动。随着全球化的进程加速，国际交流日益频繁，无论是国人走出国门还是外国友人访问中国，都已成为司空见惯的事情。因此，该板块所选取的三个典型节日场景都是属于跨文化交际语境，不仅每组对话中的人物来自不同的文化背景，对话者的身份和关系也不尽相同。1. Master the new words related to holiday: the lantern, Carnival, costume, dress(sb)up, march, congratulation, congratulate, riddle, ceremony, samba, make - up, after all. 2. To understand the origin of major world festivals and the activities held to celebrate them and the significance of these activities;3. Improve listening comprehension and oral expression of the topic by listening and talking about traditional festivals around the world;4. Improve my understanding of the topic by watching pictures and videos about different traditional festivals around the world;5. Review the common assimilation phenomenon in English phonetics, can distinguish the assimilated phonemes in the natural language flow, and consciously use the assimilation skill in oral expression. Importance:1. Guide students to pay attention to the attitude of the speaker in the process of listening, and identify the relationship between the characters;2. Inspire students to use topic words to describe the festival activities based on their background knowledge. Difficulties:In the process of listening to the correct understanding of the speaker's attitude, accurately identify the relationship between the characters.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and Virtues教学设计二
Activity 41. Students complete the task of activity 4, then teachers and students check the answers. 2. The teacher organized the students to work together and asked them to use the tables and mind maps sorted out before to retold the important choices in Lin Qiaozhi's life and their resultsStep 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the core words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences. 2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes. 3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better. Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text; 2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences. 3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan. 1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否结合文本特点总结林巧稚的人生原则和人格品质特征；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否针对人生抉择发表自己的看法；能否全面地、客观地、理性地看待问题，进而对道德和人性有更加深入的思考和理解。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations教学设计三
*wide range of origins(= a great number of different origins, many kinds of origins)*It featured a parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports. (=A parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports were included as important parts of the Egyptian harvest festival.)*.. some traditions may fade away and others may be established.(= Some traditions may disappear gradually, while other new traditions may come into being.）Step 6 Practice(1) Listen and follow the tape.The teacher may remind the students to pay attention to the meaning and usage of the black words in the context, so as to prepare for the completion of the blanks in activity 5 and vocabulary exercises in the exercise book.(2) Students complete the text of activity 5 by themselves.The teacher needs to remind the students to fill in the blanks with the correct form of the vocabulary they have learned in the text.Students exchange their answers with their partners, and then teachers and students check their answers.(3)Finish the Ex in Activity 5 of students’ book.Step 7 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Discuss the origin of festivals, the historical changes of related customs, the influence of commercial society on festivals and the connotation and essential meaning of festivals.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否结合文本特点快速而准确地找到主题句；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否理清论说文的语篇结构和文本逻辑，了解节日风俗发展与变迁，感悟节日的内涵与意义。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and Virtues教学设计三
The joke set her crying.这个玩笑使她哭起来。Step 5 ReadingActivity 31. Students read the small text in activity 3. The teacher provides several small questions to check whether students understand the content of the text and the ideographic function of the -ing form in the text.*Where are those people?*Why did Dr Bethune come to China?*How did he help the Chinese people during the war?*What did Chairman Mao Zedong say about him?2. Ss try to rewrite some sentences using the -ing form. Then check the answers. When checking the answers, the teacher can ask different students to read the rewritten sentences and give comments.Answers:1. he became very interested in medicine, deciding to become a doctor.2. …after hearing that many people were dying in the war.3. Helping to organise hospitals, he taught doctors and nurses, and showed people how to give first aid./ He helped to organise hospitals, teaching doctors and nurses, and showing people how to give first aid.4. …praising Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.Step 6 PracticeActivity 4Students complete grammar activities 2 and 3 on page 69 of the workbook.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握动词-ing形式作宾语补足语语和状语语的功能和意义；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否正确使用动词-ing形式描述人物的行为、动作及其经历；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否独立完成练习册和导学案中的相关练习。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and Virtues教学设计四
3.Teachers ask different groups to report the answers to the questions and ask them to try different sentence patterns.The teacher added some sentence patterns for students to refer to when writing.Step 4 Writing taskActivity 51.Write the first draft.Students first review the evaluation criteria in activity 5, and then independently complete the draft according to the outline of activity 4, the answers to the questions listed in the group discussion and report, and the reference sentence pattern.2.Change partners.The teacher guides the students to evaluate their partner's composition according to the checklist of activity 5 and proposes Suggestions for modification.3.Finalize the draft.Based on the peer evaluation, students revise their own compositions and determine the final draft.Finally, through group recommendation, the teacher selects excellent compositions for projection display or reading aloud in class, and gives comments and Suggestions.Step 5 Showing writingActivity 5T call some Ss to share their writing.Step 6 Homework1. Read the passage in this section to better understand the passage.2. Carefully understand the hierarchical structure of the article, and deeply understand the plot of the story according to the causes, process and results;3. Independently complete the relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否通过人物言行的对比分析道德故事的深层内涵；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否根据故事的起因、经过和结果来深入理解故事的情节，从而了解文章的层次结构；4、结合现实生活案例发表自己的见解和看法,写一篇观点明确、层次分明的故事评论。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and virtues教学设计一
(2) students are divided into groups according to the requirements of activity 3. Each student shares a story of personal experience or hearing-witnessing kindness, and then selects the most touching story in the group and shares it with the whole class. Before the students share the story, the teacher can instruct them to use the words and sentence patterns in the box to express. For example, the words in the box can be classified:Time order: first of all, then, after that, later, finally logical relationship :so, however, although, butTeachers can also appropriately add some transitional language to enrich students' expression:Afterwards, afterwards, at last, in the end, eventuallySpatial order: next to, far from, on the left, in front ofOtherwise, nevertheless, as a result, therefore, furthermore, in addition, as well asSummary: in a word, in short, on the whole, to sum up, in briefStep 8 Homework1. Understand the definition of "moral dilemma" and establish a correct moral view;2. Accumulate vocabulary about attitudes and emotions in listening texts and use them to express your own views;3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习，学生能否理解理解“道德困境”的定义；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否通过说话人所表达的内容、说话的语气、语调等来判断其态度和情绪；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否针对具体的道德困境发表自己的看法和见解，能否掌握听力理训练中的听力策略。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures教学设计三
The price is the same as(the price was)before the war.价格与战前相同。(4)定语从句中的“关系代词＋助动词be”可以省略。The ticket(that/which was)booked by his sister has been sent to him.他妹妹订的那张票已送到了他那里。Step 5 PracticeActivity 3(1) Guide students to complete the four activities in the Using Structures part of exercise book, in which activities 1 and 2 focus on ellipsis in dialogue answers, activity 3 focus on signs and headlines, two typical situations where ellipsis is used, and activity 4 focus on ellipsis in diary, an informal style.(2) Combine the examples in the above activities, ask students to summarize the omitted situations in groups, and make their own summary into a poster, and post it on the class wall after class to share with the class.(This step should give full play to the subjectivity of students, and teachers should encourage students to conclude different ellipsis phenomena according to their own understanding, they can conclude according to the different parts omitted in the sentence.)Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the usages of ellipsis;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures of Workbook.1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握省略的用法；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否根据上下文语境或情景恢复句子中省略的成分，体会使用省略的效果；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否独立完成练习册和导学案中的相关练习。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures教学设计二
(2)Consolidate key vocabulary.Ask the students to complete the exercises of activity 6 by themselves. Then ask them to check the answers with their partners.(The first language:Damage of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.A second language: Yunnan - one of the most diverse provinces in China).Step 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the more words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences.2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes.3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better.Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习，学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法；2、通过本节内容学习，学生能否结合文本特点了解文章的结构和作者的写作逻辑；3、通过本节内容学习，学生能否了解旧金山的城市风貌、文化特色，以及加利福尼亚州的历史，体会多元文化对美国的影响。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures教学设计四
该板块的活动主题是“介绍一个有显著文化特征的地方”( Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity)。该板块通过介绍中国城继续聚焦中国文化。本单元主题图呈现的是旧金山中国城的典型景象, Reading and Thinking部分也提到中国城,为该板块作铺垫。介绍中国城的目的主要是体现中国文化与美国多元文化的关系,它是美国多元文化的重要组成部分。中国城也是海外华人的精神家园和传播中国文化的重要窗口,外国人在中国城能近距离体验中国文化。1. Read the text to understand the cultural characteristics of Chinatown in San Francisco and the relationship between Chinese culture and American multiculturalism;2. Through reading, learn to comb the main information of the article, understand the author's writing purpose and writing characteristics;3. Learn to give a comprehensive, accurate, and organized description of the city or town you live in;Learn to revise and evaluate your writing.Importance:1. Guide the students to read the introduction of Chinatown in San Francisco and grasp its writing characteristics;2. Guide students to introduce their city or town in a comprehensive, accurate and organized way;3. Learn to comb the main information of the article, understand the author's writing purpose, and master the core vocabulary.
