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人教版高中历史必修2第一次工业革命教案2篇
一、教学目标知识与能力：了解或掌握英国工业革命的条件和重要发明及进程，掌握工业革命的影响。分析工业革命首先发生在英国的条件和工业革命的影响，领会生产力和生产关系，经济基础和上层建筑之间的辩证关系；分析工业革命对世界市场发展的影响，提高材料解析能力；分析世界市场基本形成的影响，培养学生运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义分析历史事件的能力。过程与方法：启发式谈话法，问题探究法：层层设疑，环环相扣，由浅入深地理解知识。联系比较法：构建知识体系，突出事物特点。情感态度与价值观：懂得科学技术是第一生产力，使学生尊重科学,热爱科学；正确认识工业文明的成就与代价，帮助学生形成正确价值观；联系中国历史深刻理解科技兴国，深化改革的必要性。二、教学重点和难点重点：英国工业革命产生的原因、工业革命的主要成就和影响。难点：工业革命对资本主义世界市场发展的影响。课时安排：1课时教具准备： 多媒体课件以及相应教学资料。
人教版高中历史必修2从“战时共产主义”到“斯大林模式”教案
5、弊端：（1）经济发展不均衡，片面发展重工业，使轻工业和农业长期处于落后状态；（2）对农民的剥夺太重，挫伤了农民的生产积极性；（3）长期执行指令性计划严重削弱了企业的生产自主权，不利于发挥企业的生产积极性，制约了苏联经济的可持续发展。（4）计划经济体制确立后，没有随着社会的变化进行调整，二战后逐渐僵化，丧失了自我完善的功能，成为苏联解体的重要因素。【合作探究】斯大林模式的评价及经验教训：积极：①使苏联迅速实现了 工业化②苏联经济实力的迅速增长，为反法西斯战争的胜利奠定了 物质基础 。消极：①政治：高度集权，破坏了 民主与法制 ； ②经济：优先发展重工业使 农业和轻工业长期处于落后状态，农民生产积极性不高；计划指令，压制了地方和企业的积极性，阻碍苏联经济的发展高度集中的计划经济体制，成为东欧剧变和苏联解体的重要原因。
人教版高中历史必修3“罢黜百家独尊儒术”教案2篇
战国阴阳五行家邹衍认为，历史中的朝代更替是由于五德运行产生的影响。按照邹衍的学说，每个朝代必须与五德之一相连，因此，这个朝代就应当遵循这五德之一的要求来运转。董仲舒修改了这个理论，认为朝代的更替不是依循五德运行的顺序，而是依循“三统”，即黑统、白统、赤统的顺序。他在《三代改制质文》中说：每个朝代都依循一统，每统又各有其为政的系统。按董仲舒的说法，夏朝代表黑统，商朝代表白统；周朝则是赤统。夏、商、周三朝完成了这一历史循环。之后，历史又开始一次新的循环，新的朝代又应当代表黑统。继承周朝统治的既不是秦朝，也不是汉朝，而是孔子，他承受天命，创立了黑统。孔子所受天命，不是一种“法统”，而是一种“道统”。董仲舒说：“《春秋》大一统者，天地之常经，古今之通谊也。今师异道，人异论，百家殊方，指意不同，是以上亡以持一统；法制数变，下不知所守。臣愚以为诸不在六艺之科孔子之术者，皆绝其道，勿使并进。邪辟之说灭息，然后统纪可一而法度可明，民知所从矣。”
人教版高中历史必修3从“师夷长技”到维新变法教案
4、维新思想推动下的变法运动虽然失败了。但这是中国近代真正意义上的一次思想解放潮流，为什么？展开：维新派提倡西学，兴民权，对封建专制制度和传统观念进行了冲击，促进了中国人民的觉醒，为资产阶级民主思想的传播奠定了基础，具有思想解放的启蒙作用。是一次救亡图存的爱国运动，也是一次发展资本主义的改革运动；他们提倡资产阶级新学，批判封建主义旧学，引导人们重新认识世界，他们痛感民族危机的严重，号召人们奋起救国，谋求国家的独立富强；给古老的中国社会注入的活力是不可低估的，站在历史长河的高度看，由传统农耕社会向近代工业社会转变是一股不可抗拒的历史潮流，尽管它在19世纪末的中国遭到了暂时挫折，但对清朝的封建专制统治却是一次巨大的强烈的冲击波，它留下的痕迹是永不磨灭的，是永远鼓舞与启迪后人的。
人教版高中政治必修3聚焦文化竞争力教案2篇
教学目的：通过学生课前收集资料、课堂展示、小组讨论及教师总结和讲解等形式，明确文化竞争力在国际竞争中的地位，感受各国各国日益激烈的文化竞争力，探讨如何提升中国特色社会主义文化的竞争力，培养学生的分析解决问题的能力，增强责任意识、科技意识和成才意识。教学时间：1小时课前准备：（1）学生分组收集美国、日本、英国等国家文化产业的发展状况和中国文化走向世界的资料，并要求制成简单的课件。（2）分组讨论课本P23—25的三个探究问题（①运用这些资料，从物质和精神两个方面，说明发展文化有什么意义。②你还能从社会生活的哪些现象中感受到一个国家的文化竞争力？③今天，中国文化为什么能够在世界各地赢得尊重与喝彩？），组长整理好讨论结果。
人教版高中政治必修3文化与经济、政治教案2篇
1．在激烈的国际竞争中，美国为首“巴统”在对中国出口高科技产品的问题上采取了种种限制措施，以避免西方发达国家的高科技技术和设备流人中国。面对发达国家的技术封锁，我们应该( )A．加速我国对外开放的步伐B．尽快改善与西方发达国家的关系C．努力提高自身的科技水平，增强本国的综合国力D．立足于自力更生，努力开发所有的高科技技术，以免受制于人答案：C解析：在当今和未来的世界，经济是基础，科技是龙头。因而，发展经济和科学技术是世界大多数国家最关心的问题。各国之间的竞争越来越多地转向经济和科技领域。各国都已经清楚地认识到，能否在科技发展上取得优势，增强以经；济和科技为基础的综合国力，最终将决定本国在国际上的地位。受各种主客观条件的限制，任何国家都不可能开发出自己所需要的所有技术，国家之间必须加强技术交流，互通有无，共同发展。“巴统”对我国进行技术出口方面的限制是基于其敌视中国的战略需要。为了打破西方国家的对我国的技术限制，我国必须从自身出发，提高自身的科技水平。
人教版高中政治必修2民主监督：守望公共家园教案
一、教材分析《民主监督：守望公共家园》是高一政治必修2第一单元第二课第四框题。在此之前，学生们已经学习了公民所享有的政治权利和自由，了解到公民享有监督权，这为过渡到本框题的学习起到了铺垫的作用。本框题承接了教材第一课“公民的政治权利和自由”这部分内容，又为后面第四课“权力的行使：需要监督”的学习埋下伏笔。所以学好这个框题为学好以后的政治常识打下牢固的基础，而且它在整个教材中也起到了承上启下的作用。二、教学目标（一）知识目标1、识记公民的民主监督权利、作用2、理解公民的民主监督的重要性。3、学会分析如何行使监督权（二）能力目标通过学习逐步形成民主监督能力。（三）情感、态度与价值观目标通过学习培养学生主人翁责任感。三、教学重点难点重点：公民的民主监督权利、作用、重要性。难点：民主监督的重要性
人教版高中政治必修3建设社会主义精神文明教案
(2)伟大的意义：这些精神文明创建活动，是人民群众“移风易俗”、改造社会的伟大创造，也是人民群众自我教育、自我提高的有效途径。各具特色的精神文明创建活动，使人们在自觉参与的过程中思想感情得到熏陶，思想觉悟得到启发，精神生活得到充实，道德意识得到增强，道德境界得到升华。这对整个中华民族的精神面貌，正在产生不可估量的积极影响。◇点拨：“相关链接”描述了青年志愿者活动，引导学生感悟其精神，升华道德境界，增强参与意识。(3)必然的选择：投身于社会主义精神文明建设的伟大实践，做新时期中国先进文化的传播者和建设者，是当代中国青年成长、成才的必然选择。◇拓展延伸：在群众性精神文明创建活动中涌现出的先进人物和英雄模范，像孔繁森、张海迪、徐洪刚、韩素云、李国安、徐虎、李素丽等，在全社会起到了良好的示范作用；提出的一些响亮口号，如“从我做起，从现在做起”“岗位学雷锋，行业树新风”“单位做个好职工，社会做个好公民，家庭做个好成员”等，不断激励着人们。
人教版高中政治必修4综合探究：求真务实，与时俱进教案
7．我国人力资源开发利用面临四大挑战在全面建设小康社会进程中，我国人力资源开发与利用面临着以下四个方面严峻挑战。(1)劳动力供给高峰的到来加剧了劳动力供求总量矛盾。持续的经济增长和人口计划生育控制，使得我国人口再生产在不到30年的时间内完成了从“高出生率、低死亡率、高自然增长率”的类型到“低出生率、低死亡率、低自然增长率”类型的转变，人口在日增长率已经连续数年低于千分之十。然而，庞大的人口基数及其低速增长仍对中国未来经济增长和社会发展带来巨大的就业压力，大量预测表明，未来20年是中国人口数量增长和劳动力供给的高峰时期。20世纪90年代以来，中国劳动年龄人口比重(16—59岁年龄组)由1990—1996年期间的61％～62％上升到1999年的63．2％。这种趋势将会持续到2020年左右达到峰值，直到老龄化进程抵消了数量增长效应，劳动年龄人口的比重才会趋于下降。到2020年，中国劳动年龄人口将由2000年的8．61亿上升到10．04亿，平均每年新增劳动力715万人。
人教版高中政治必修4价值判断与价值选择精品教案
南极大地的水陆交接处，全是滑溜溜的冰层或者尖锐的冰棱。企鹅没有可以用来攀爬的前臂，也没有可以飞翔的翅膀，如何从水中上岸？纪录片《深蓝》展示，企鹅在将要上岸之时，要从海面潜入海中，沉潜到适当的深度，借用水的浮力，迅猛向上，飞出一道弧线，落于陆地之上。企鹅的沉潜是为了蓄势，看似笨拙，却富有成效。人生又何尝不是如此？沉潜绝非沉沦，而是勇敢、智慧、自强。如果我们在困难面前能沉下气来，不被“冰棱”吓倒，不被浮华迷惑，专心致志，自强不息，积聚力量，并抓住恰当的机会反弹向上，毫无疑问，我们就能成功登陆!反之，总是随波浮沉，或者怨天尤人，注定就会被命运的风浪所玩弄，直至精疲力竭。结合上述材料，运用《生活与哲学》知识对“价值观是人生的重要向导，有价值观的人生才是更美的人生”加以评析。7、有两名畜牧兽医专业毕业的大学生应聘到农村养猪场担任技术总监后，大力推广使用生态养猪法和中草药防疫技术，使养猪场步入了良性发展轨道。
人教版高中政治必修4认识运动，把握规律精品教案
一、教材分析 《认识运动 把握规律》是人教版高中政治必修四第4章第2框的教学内容，主要学习运动和规律二、教学目标1．知识目标：运动的含义、相对静止的含义、规律的含义、物质和运动的辨证关系、运动和静止的辨证关系2．能力目标： 锻炼学生理论联系实际的能力，培养学生正确认识世界本质，并能够自觉按照客观规律办事的能力3．情感、态度和价值观目标：通过学习运动和静止的辨证关系，使学生懂得辨证唯物主义在承认运动绝对性的同时还承认相对静止的重要作用，从而承认世界是可知的，在生活、学习和工作中增强认识世界和改造世界的勇气和信心，反对离开相对静止谈运动，避免形而上学的相对主义和诡辩论的错误三、教学重点难点规律的客观性四、学情分析本框题的内容比较抽象，不易理解，所以讲解时需要详细。教师指导学生借助生活中的一些常识来学习本课内容
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and Virtues-Discovering Useful Structure教学设计
1. 表示时间。Hearing these stories, I’m skeptical about the place. = When I heard these stories. . . 2. 表示原因。Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. = Because/Since/As I don’t know his address. . . 3. 表示结果。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. =. . . and left him a lot of money4. 表示条件。Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. = If you go straight down the road. . . 5. 表示让步。Being tired, they went on working. =Although they were tired. . . 6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. =. . . and stared at the sky for a long time注意：非谓语动词作状语时, 如所提供的动词不能和句子中的主语保持一致, 动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语, 通常由名词或代词来担任, 这就是独立主格结构。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. (having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus, 而不是we)Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. (permitting的逻辑主语是time, 而不是the football match)Step 7 Practice1. ________(study) hard, you are sure to get first prize. 2. People use plastic in their daily life, _______(leave) large amounts of waste. 3. ________(work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 4. The old man, ____________(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 5. ______________(finish) his homework, he was playing on the playground. Answers: 1. Studying 2. leaving 3. Working 4.having worked 5. Having finishedStep 8 HomeworkFinish the homework on Page 22.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and Virtues-Reading and Thinking教学设计
The topic of this part is “Learn to make choices in life”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at the moral dilemmas, and this part is about making choices in life. The heroin is Lin Qiaozhi, a famous medical scientist, made a great contribution to our country’s medical care. Most importantly, her life experience can inspire our students whether in studying or the development of career. she had moral dilemmas and life choices, which are similar to the students who will step into society. Besides, Lin has quite good virtues like kindness, self-improvement, insistence, job-loving , generosity and responsibility, which is worth being learned.Concretely, this article is a biography about Lin Qiaozhi. The article tells her whole life according the timeline, among which the life choices is emphasized. For example, whether married or chased her dream, returned home or stayed abroad, family or public, her choices all reflected her faith, spirit, responsibility and devotion.1. Fast reading to get the detailed information about Lin Qiaozhi; careful reading to do the deductive information.2. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.3. Study the structure features and language features. 4. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.1. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.2. Study the structure features and language features.3. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat are some important life choices?Importance choices: university study, jobs and marriage partners. Because they can determine our future.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 2 Morals and Virtues-Reading for Writing教学设计
1. 这个寓言是一个关于一位国王古寓言。 The fable is an old fable about a king.2.作者用这个故事让读者对于社区的问题负有个人责任的必要印象深刻。The author used the story to impress upon readers with the need to take personal responsibility for problems in the community.3. 这个故事十分成功的实现了它的目的。The story was quite successful in achieving its purpose.Step 7 WritingPlease write a review of the story according the outline above.The fable is an old fable about a king who thought his people are lazy, so he put a large stone in the middle of the road and hides and waited to see if anyone will try to move it.The author used this story to impress upon readers with the need to take personal responsibility for problems in the community. The story was quite successful in achieving its purpose, and I liked it because it had a clear moral.However, while the moral of the story is clear, the actions of the king seemed pointless to me, because none of the characters in the story learnt anything. For this reason, I think there are better stories that can be used to impress upon people with the need for personal responsibility.Step 8 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Does the writer give a short description of the story ?2. Does the description include the most important details of the story ?3. Does the writer give his or her opinion about the character or their actions ?4. Is the review well-organised ? 5. Does the writer use the -ing form as the adverbial correctly in the writing ?6. Are there any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors ?Step 9 HomeworkPut up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures-Discovering Useful Structure教学设计
Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. Places to visit...well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall first.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have. Why ?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King.Justin: Really? Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought.Justin:Sounds great, thanks.Answers:Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Do you have any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, that’s cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. What are some places to visit in Guizhou ? Well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall is the first place to visit in Guizhou Province.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West . Why do you ask if I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King from Journey to the West.Justin: That’s really true? It’s Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages on your trip to Guizhou Province. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought it was.Justin:This all sounds great, thanks.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教学设计
1. In Picture 1 and Picture 2, where do you think they are from? How do you know?From their wearings, we can know they are from ethnic minority of China--- Miao and Dong.Picture 1, they are playing their traditional instrument lusheng in their traditional costumes.Picture 2. the girls are Miao because they wear their traditional costumes and silver accessory.2. In Picture 3, can you find which village it is? What time is it in the picture?It is Dong village. It is at night. Step 2 While-listeningJustin met a new friend while traveling in Guizhou. Listen to their conversation and complete the summaries below.Part 1Justin and Wu Yue watched some Miao people play the lusheng. The instrument has a history of over 3,000 years and it is even mentioned in the oldest collection of Chinese poetry. Then they watched the lusheng dance. Justin wanted to buy some hand-made silver/traditional accessories as souvenirs. He was told that the price will depend on the percentage of silver. Part 2They will go to a pretty Dong minority village called Zhaoxing. they will see the drum towers and the wind and rain bridges. They may also see a performance of the Grand Song of the Dong people.Step 3 Post-listening---TalkingWork in groups. Imagine Justin is telling some friends about his trip to Guizhou. One of you is Justin and the rest of you are his friends. Ask Justin questions about his trip and experience. The following expressions may help you.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Listening&Speaking&Talking教学设计一
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “talking about how to become an astronaut”. This period is aimed to inform students some details about the requirements of being an astronaut. Students can be motivated and inspired by the astronauts. Teachers ought to encourage students to learn from them and let them aim high and dream big.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "talk about life in space". This part also informs students more details about life in space and can inspire students to be curious about this job. 1. Guide students to listen for numbers concerning dates, years and ages etc2. Cultivate students' ability to talk about how to become an astronaut and life in space ; 3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “ first of all, I am not sure, so what might be .. I guess.. I wonder…I am curious…)appropriately.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to become a qualified astronaut and describe the life in space.Part 1: Listening and SpeakingStep 1: Lead inPredictionThe teacher can ask students to predict what the listening text is about by looking at the pictures.About how to become an astronaut./the requirements of an astronautStep 2: Then, play the radio which is about an interview a. And after finishing listening for the first time, the students need to solve the following tasks.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Discovering Useful Structure教学设计
The theme of the section is “Describe space facts and efforts to explore space”. Infinitives are one of non-finite verbs, as the subjects, objects, predicative, attributes and adverbials. This unit is about space exploration, which is a significant scientific activity, so every scientific activity has strong planning. Therefore, using the infinitives to show its purpose, explanations or restrictions is the best choice.1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English. 1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use use infinitives in oral and writing English.Step 1 Lead in---Pair workLook at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot..(作目的状语)2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space..(作目的状语)3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree..(作目的状语)4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space..(作定语)5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space..(作定语)Summary:1. 不定式的结构：to+do原形。2. 分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来表目的，还可以用来作定语，表修饰。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Listening&Speaking＆Talking教学设计二
The themes of this part are “Talk about how to become an astronaut” and “Talk about life in space”. As Neil Armstrong said “Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man’s desire to understand. Space is difficult for human to reach, therefore, humans are full of wonders about it. However, if wanting to achieve the dream of reaching the Moon, some of our human should work hard to be an astronaut at first. Part A(Talk about how to become an astronaut) is a radio interview in a radio studio, where the host asked the Chinese astronauts about his story how to become an astronaut. Yang Liwei told his dreamed to be an astronaut since childhood. Then he worked hard to get into college at 22. The next 10 years, he gradually became an experienced pilot. At the same time, to be an astronaut, he had to study hard English, science and astronomy and trained hard to keep in good physical and mental health and to practise using space equipment. Part B (Talk about life in space) is also an interview with the astronaut Brown, who is back on the earth. The host Max asked about his space life, such as his emotion about going back the earth, the eating, shower, brushing, hobbies and his work. Part A and Part B are interviews. So expressing curiosity about the guests’ past life is a communicative skill, which students should be guided to learn.1. Students can get detailed information about how Yang Liwei became an astronaut and Max’s space life.2. Students learn to proper listening strategy to get detailed information---listening for numbers and taking notes.3. Students can learn related sentences or phrases to express their curiosity like “ I wish to know...” “I’d love to know...”4. Students can learn more about the space and astronauts, even be interested in working hard to be an astronaut
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Reading and Thinking教学设计一
Q4: What is the function of the International exploration ?Having astronauts from different countries on boardQ5: What can you learn from Para 4 ?China has made great achievements in exploring spaceQ6: What is the attitude to the space exploration ?SupportiveStep 6 Post reading---RetellPeople have always wanted to learn more about space. Before the mid-20th century, most people felt (1)_________ (travel) into space was an impossible dream. However, (2)____ the help of scientists, peoplesucceeded in realizing their dream (3) _________ (explore) space. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik 1 satellite (4) ____________(launch) by the USSR. (5) ________________ scientists try to make sure nothing goes wrong, accidents can still happen. These disasters made everyone(6)___________(disappoint), but people still believe in the importance of (7) ________(carry) on space exploration. In 2003, China became the third country to (8)_____________ (independent) send humans into space. Then Shenzhou 6 and 7 completed (9)____ second manned orbit and the first Chinese spacewalk. In spite of the difficulties, scientists hope future (10)__________ (discovery) will not only enable us to understand the universe but also help us survive well into the future.Answers: 1. travelling 2. with 3. to explore 4. was launched 5. Although6. disappointed 7. carrying 8. independently 9. a 10. discoveriesStep 6 Post reading---Critical thinkingQ1: What do you think of the space exploration ? I think it is beneficial to us. Through further study of space, people will make full use of it in the future, such as the space experiments by Wang Yaping in Tian Gong 1.Q2: If you are determined to be an astronaut, what should you prepare at present ?First of all, I should study hard to get a related college degree. Besides, I must keep mental and physical healthy.Step 7. HomeworkTry to summarize the structure of the article by a mind map.
