导语在必修第一册中,我们研究了函数的单调性,并利用函数单调性等知识,定性的研究了一次函数、指数函数、对数函数增长速度的差异,知道“对数增长” 是越来越慢的,“指数爆炸” 比“直线上升” 快得多,进一步的能否精确定量的刻画变化速度的快慢呢,下面我们就来研究这个问题。新知探究问题1 高台跳水运动员的速度高台跳水运动中,运动员在运动过程中的重心相对于水面的高度h(单位:m)与起跳后的时间t(单位:s)存在函数关系h(t)=-4.9t2+4.8t+11.如何描述用运动员从起跳到入水的过程中运动的快慢程度呢?直觉告诉我们,运动员从起跳到入水的过程中,在上升阶段运动的越来越慢,在下降阶段运动的越来越快,我们可以把整个运动时间段分成许多小段,用运动员在每段时间内的平均速度v ?近似的描述它的运动状态。
4.写出下列随机变量可能取的值,并说明随机变量所取的值表示的随机试验的结果.(1)一个袋中装有8个红球,3个白球,从中任取5个球,其中所含白球的个数为X.(2)一个袋中有5个同样大小的黑球,编号为1,2,3,4,5,从中任取3个球,取出的球的最大号码记为X.(3). 在本例(1)条件下,规定取出一个红球赢2元,而每取出一个白球输1元,以ξ表示赢得的钱数,结果如何?[解] (1)X可取0,1,2,3.X=0表示取5个球全是红球;X=1表示取1个白球,4个红球;X=2表示取2个白球,3个红球;X=3表示取3个白球,2个红球.(2)X可取3,4,5.X=3表示取出的球编号为1,2,3;X=4表示取出的球编号为1,2,4;1,3,4或2,3,4.X=5表示取出的球编号为1,2,5;1,3,5;1,4,5;2,3,5;2,4,5或3,4,5.(3) ξ=10表示取5个球全是红球;ξ=7表示取1个白球,4个红球;ξ=4表示取2个白球,3个红球;ξ=1表示取3个白球,2个红球.
一、 问题导学前面两节所讨论的变量,如人的身高、树的胸径、树的高度、短跑100m世界纪录和创纪录的时间等,都是数值变量,数值变量的取值为实数.其大小和运算都有实际含义.在现实生活中,人们经常需要回答一定范围内的两种现象或性质之间是否存在关联性或相互影响的问题.例如,就读不同学校是否对学生的成绩有影响,不同班级学生用于体育锻炼的时间是否有差别,吸烟是否会增加患肺癌的风险,等等,本节将要学习的独立性检验方法为我们提供了解决这类问题的方案。在讨论上述问题时,为了表述方便,我们经常会使用一种特殊的随机变量,以区别不同的现象或性质,这类随机变量称为分类变量.分类变量的取值可以用实数表示,例如,学生所在的班级可以用1,2,3等表示,男性、女性可以用1,0表示,等等.在很多时候,这些数值只作为编号使用,并没有通常的大小和运算意义,本节我们主要讨论取值于{0,1}的分类变量的关联性问题.
温故知新 1.离散型随机变量的定义可能取值为有限个或可以一一列举的随机变量,我们称为离散型随机变量.通常用大写英文字母表示随机变量,例如X,Y,Z;用小写英文字母表示随机变量的取值,例如x,y,z.随机变量的特点: 试验之前可以判断其可能出现的所有值,在试验之前不可能确定取何值;可以用数字表示2、随机变量的分类①离散型随机变量:X的取值可一、一列出;②连续型随机变量:X可以取某个区间内的一切值随机变量将随机事件的结果数量化.3、古典概型:①试验中所有可能出现的基本事件只有有限个;②每个基本事件出现的可能性相等。二、探究新知探究1.抛掷一枚骰子,所得的点数X有哪些值?取每个值的概率是多少? 因为X取值范围是{1,2,3,4,5,6}而且"P(X=m)"=1/6,m=1,2,3,4,5,6.因此X分布列如下表所示
1.确定研究对象,明确哪个是解释变量,哪个是响应变量;2.由经验确定非线性经验回归方程的模型;3.通过变换,将非线性经验回归模型转化为线性经验回归模型;4.按照公式计算经验回归方程中的参数,得到经验回归方程;5.消去新元,得到非线性经验回归方程;6.得出结果后分析残差图是否有异常 .跟踪训练1.一只药用昆虫的产卵数y与一定范围内的温度x有关,现收集了6组观测数据列于表中: 经计算得: 线性回归残差的平方和: ∑_(i=1)^6?〖(y_i-(y_i ) ?)〗^2=236,64,e^8.0605≈3167.其中 分别为观测数据中的温度和产卵数,i=1,2,3,4,5,6.(1)若用线性回归模型拟合,求y关于x的回归方程 (精确到0.1);(2)若用非线性回归模型拟合,求得y关于x回归方程为 且相关指数R2=0.9522. ①试与(1)中的线性回归模型相比较,用R2说明哪种模型的拟合效果更好 ?②用拟合效果好的模型预测温度为35℃时该种药用昆虫的产卵数.(结果取整数).
2、培养幼儿的观察能力、动手能力。三、 活动准备:1、 两个蛋壳小娃娃、一篮玩具、一桶水、一个布娃娃,苹果、梨、柑橘各一个。2、 每个幼儿一架自制天平称、一个小篮(内装玻璃珠、木珠、积塑等)、记录纸、笔等。四、 活动过程:1、教师出示两个蛋壳小娃娃:“今天,老师给小朋友带来了两个小娃娃,它们是用什么做的?(蛋)这两个小娃娃,一个是用蛋做的,一个是用蛋壳做的。请小朋友想办法分辨出哪一个是蛋?”请一幼儿上前分辨,并说出方法。教师小结:“刚才这方法叫惦一惦。”
2、了解测量在生活中的应用,激发幼儿参与测量的兴趣。3、愿意与同伴合作交流,解决问题。活动准备:1、幼儿已有初步的测量经验。2、尺子、绳子、软尺、吸管、小棒、短积木、铅笔、筷子、纸卡段、盒子、书等物品。3、记录表、水彩笔、磁性板。活动过程:一、引题:提出任务今天小朋友来当“小小测量员”,用三种不同的工具来测量相同的一条边,并把测量结果记录下来。
全班齐读第五段内容。请一位同学分析,接着让这位同学按他分析的读一遍。3、4两自然段的平缓之后,第5段作者的情感再次抬升。为了满足这种情感的张扬,作一口气连用了四个排比句式“现在是……时候”,一方面这是情感发泄的需要,另一方面这种排山倒海的语势也加强了内容的表达,极强地突出了现实为自由、平等而战的重要性。四、学会演讲我们刚才细读了课文,但读和讲是有区别的。所谓演讲,是一门语言艺术,它的主要形式是“讲”,即运用有声语言并追求言辞的表现力和声音的感染力;同时还要辅之以“演”,即运用面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态乃至一切可以理解的态势语言,使讲话“艺术化”起来,从而产生一种非凡的艺术魅力。那么,接下来就假设一下假如你是马丁·路德·金,你会怎样去讲这篇演讲辞。
一、导入新课年纪稍大的中国人应还记得,1968年春,"文革"还正如火如荼之际,毛泽东发表了一篇"五二O声明",全国各地为此举行了由上级组织的大规模游行。很多人应还记得,事情同马丁·路德·金被刺杀有关,而这位马丁·路德·金,乃是著名的美国黑人民权运动领袖。事过多年之后,我却发现,不少人居然把这位诺贝尔和平奖得主,同四百多年前那位德国宗教改革领袖马丁·路德相混淆,而对他的主要主张"非暴力抵抗",更是懵然无知!1956年,在26岁的马丁·路德·金第一次领导黑人市民,抵制蒙哥马利市公共汽车公司的种族隔离制度时,他就举起了"非暴力抵抗"的旗帜。他号召久被歧视的黑人群众说:"我们要抵抗,因为自由从来不靠恩赐获得。有权有势的欺压者从不会自动把自由奉献给受压者。……权利和机会,必须通过一些人的牺牲和受难才能得到。"但是,"仇恨产生仇恨,暴力产生暴力……我们要用爱的力量,去对付恨的势力。我们的目标,绝不是击败或羞辱白人,正相反,我们要赢得他们的友谊和理解。"
教 学 过 程教师 行为学生 行为教学 意图时间 *揭示课题 3.4 二项分布. *创设情境 兴趣导入 我们来看一个问题:从100件产品中有3件不合格品,每次抽取一件有放回地抽取三次,抽到不合格品的次数用表示,求离散型随机变量的概率分布. 由于是有放回的抽取,所以这种抽取是是独立的重复试验.随机变量的所有取值为:0,1,2,3.显然,对于一次抽取,抽到不合格品的概率为0.03,抽到合格品的概率为1-0.03.于是的概率(仅求到组合数形式)分别为: , , , . 所以,随机变量的概率分布为 0123P 介绍 播放 课件 质疑 了解 观看 课件 思考 引导 启发学生得出结果 0 10*动脑思考 探索新知 一般地,如果在一次试验中某事件A发生的概率是P,随机变量为n次独立试验中事件A发生的次数,那么随机变量的概率分布为: 01…k…nP…… 其中. 我们将这种形式的随机变量的概率分布叫做二项分布.称随机变量服从参数为n和P的二项分布,记为~B(n,P). 二项分布中的各个概率值,依次是二项式的展开式中的各项.第k+1项为. 二项分布是以伯努利概型为背景的重要分布,有着广泛的应用. 在实际问题中,如果n次试验相互独立,且各次实验是重复试验,事件A在每次实验中发生的概率都是p(0<p<1),则事件A发生的次数是一个离散型随机变量,服从参数为n和P的二项分布. 总结 归纳 分析 关键 词语 思考 理解 记忆 引导学生发现解决问题方法 20
五.研习第一段:1.诵读指导要处理好句中停顿2.请学生对照注释翻译本段重点词句:学不可以已已:停止。青,取之于蓝而青于蓝于:从;比。木直中绳中:zhàng符合,合于。虽有槁暴,不复挺者,揉使之然也有通又,揉通煣,以火烘木,使其弯曲。然:这样。翻译:故木受绳则直,金就砺则利,君子博学而日参省乎己,则知明而行无过矣。所以木材经墨线画过(再用斧锯加工)就直了,金属刀剑拿到磨刀石上(磨过)就锋利了,君子广博地学习并且每天对自己检验反省,就能智慧明达,行为没有过错了。3.本段是从哪个角度论述中心论点的?明确:本段是从学习的意义这个角度论述中心论点的。荀子认为人的知识、道德、才能都不是天生成的,而是后天不断学习获得的,学习的意义十分重大,所以学习不能停止。4.本段中几个比喻句是为了说明什么道理?学生讨论发言,教师明确:
二、程朱理学:1、宋代“理学”的产生:(1)含义:所谓“理学”,就是用“理学”一词来指明当时两宋时期所呈现出来的儒学。广义的理学,泛指以讨论天道问题为中心的整个哲学思潮,包括各种不同的学派;狭义的理学,专指程颢、程颐、朱熹为代表的,以“理”为最高范畴的学说,称为“程朱理学”。理学是北宋政治、社会、经济发展的理论表现,是中国古代哲学长期发展的结果,是批判佛、道学说的产物。他们把“理”或“天理”视作哲学的最高范畴,认为理无所不在,不生不灭,不仅是世界的本原,也是社会生活的最高准则。在穷理方法上,程颢“主静”,强调“正心诚意”;程颐“主敬”,强调“格物致知”。在人性论上,二程主张“去人欲,存天理”,并深入阐释这一观点使之更加系统化。二程学说的出现,标志着宋代“理学”思想体系的正式形成。【合作探究】宋代“理学”兴起的社会条件:
三、第三阶段。课后感悟与收获1、让学生以“走向学习型社会”为题,将在收集与整理、展示与交流两个环节中获得的体验和感悟,以心得体会的形式写一篇小论文。2、办一期专栏或黑板报,将优秀小论文作集中展示与交流。(进行理论总结,将实践与理论相结合,让科学理论更好地指导实践。充分挖掘学生潜力,增强学生的自信)[评析]新课程理念之一就是政治课不应只局限于课堂上的教与学。把综合探究课与研究性学习相结合,不失为一种有益的尝试。传统的学习方式把学习建立在客观性、受动性、依赖性的基础上,把学生看成一个没有感情的接受容器,这种学习会窒息学生的思维和智力,成为学生发展的障碍。单元探究活动的开展就是要转变学生的学习方式,关注学生的学习过程,使得探究过程成为学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程,培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。本教案的第一阶段充分发挥了学生的主动性。
1. Ss look at the picture and scan the passage to understand the main idea while teacher is giving the following questions to inspire Ss to think.*Where are those people?*What are they doing?*Why are they so excited?2. Ss complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form. Then discuss and check the answers with class.Answers: boring, interesting, taking, exciting, amazing3. The teacher raises questions for the students to discuss and encourages them to express their opinions.*Do you like La Tomatina? Why or why not?4. Each group representative reports the discussion result, the teacher gives feedback and the evaluation.Step 6 PracticeActivity 41. Ss complete the Ex 2 in Using structures.2. Check the answers after finishing the exercises.①The dragon boat races are the most exciting part of the Dragon Boat Festival.② The children were excited to go Easter egg hunting.③What an amazing performance! This is the best music festival I have ever been to.④We were amazed by her funny-looking hat.⑤His inspiring speech at the conference won the admiration/ favour of the audience.⑥This is a challenging game to test your memory and observation capabilities. 3. T asks Ss to finish Ex 3 and 4 in Using structures by themselves, then check the answers with class.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握动词-ing形式作定语和表语的功能和意义;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否在理解文段内容的基础上,根据上下文语境和表达逻辑,能正确运用动词-ing形式描述节日庆典。3、通过本节内容学习,学生是否归纳和积累用于表达情绪的相关词汇。
本板块的活动主题是“谈论节日活动”(Talk about festival activities),主要是从贴近学生日常生活的角度来切入“节日”主题。学生会听到发生在三个国家不同节日场景下的简短对话,对话中的人们正在参与或将要亲历不同的庆祝活动。随着全球化的进程加速,国际交流日益频繁,无论是国人走出国门还是外国友人访问中国,都已成为司空见惯的事情。因此,该板块所选取的三个典型节日场景都是属于跨文化交际语境,不仅每组对话中的人物来自不同的文化背景,对话者的身份和关系也不尽相同。1. Master the new words related to holiday: the lantern, Carnival, costume, dress(sb)up, march, congratulation, congratulate, riddle, ceremony, samba, make - up, after all. 2. To understand the origin of major world festivals and the activities held to celebrate them and the significance of these activities;3. Improve listening comprehension and oral expression of the topic by listening and talking about traditional festivals around the world;4. Improve my understanding of the topic by watching pictures and videos about different traditional festivals around the world;5. Review the common assimilation phenomenon in English phonetics, can distinguish the assimilated phonemes in the natural language flow, and consciously use the assimilation skill in oral expression. Importance:1. Guide students to pay attention to the attitude of the speaker in the process of listening, and identify the relationship between the characters;2. Inspire students to use topic words to describe the festival activities based on their background knowledge. Difficulties:In the process of listening to the correct understanding of the speaker's attitude, accurately identify the relationship between the characters.
Activity 41. Students complete the task of activity 4, then teachers and students check the answers. 2. The teacher organized the students to work together and asked them to use the tables and mind maps sorted out before to retold the important choices in Lin Qiaozhi's life and their resultsStep 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the core words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences. 2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes. 3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better. Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text; 2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences. 3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan. 1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否结合文本特点总结林巧稚的人生原则和人格品质特征;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否针对人生抉择发表自己的看法;能否全面地、客观地、理性地看待问题,进而对道德和人性有更加深入的思考和理解。
*wide range of origins(= a great number of different origins, many kinds of origins)*It featured a parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports. (=A parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports were included as important parts of the Egyptian harvest festival.)*.. some traditions may fade away and others may be established.(= Some traditions may disappear gradually, while other new traditions may come into being.)Step 6 Practice(1) Listen and follow the tape.The teacher may remind the students to pay attention to the meaning and usage of the black words in the context, so as to prepare for the completion of the blanks in activity 5 and vocabulary exercises in the exercise book.(2) Students complete the text of activity 5 by themselves.The teacher needs to remind the students to fill in the blanks with the correct form of the vocabulary they have learned in the text.Students exchange their answers with their partners, and then teachers and students check their answers.(3)Finish the Ex in Activity 5 of students’ book.Step 7 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Discuss the origin of festivals, the historical changes of related customs, the influence of commercial society on festivals and the connotation and essential meaning of festivals.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否结合文本特点快速而准确地找到主题句;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否理清论说文的语篇结构和文本逻辑,了解节日风俗发展与变迁,感悟节日的内涵与意义。
The joke set her crying.这个玩笑使她哭起来。Step 5 ReadingActivity 31. Students read the small text in activity 3. The teacher provides several small questions to check whether students understand the content of the text and the ideographic function of the -ing form in the text.*Where are those people?*Why did Dr Bethune come to China?*How did he help the Chinese people during the war?*What did Chairman Mao Zedong say about him?2. Ss try to rewrite some sentences using the -ing form. Then check the answers. When checking the answers, the teacher can ask different students to read the rewritten sentences and give comments.Answers:1. he became very interested in medicine, deciding to become a doctor.2. …after hearing that many people were dying in the war.3. Helping to organise hospitals, he taught doctors and nurses, and showed people how to give first aid./ He helped to organise hospitals, teaching doctors and nurses, and showing people how to give first aid.4. …praising Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.Step 6 PracticeActivity 4Students complete grammar activities 2 and 3 on page 69 of the workbook.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握动词-ing形式作宾语补足语语和状语语的功能和意义;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否正确使用动词-ing形式描述人物的行为、动作及其经历;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否独立完成练习册和导学案中的相关练习。
3.Teachers ask different groups to report the answers to the questions and ask them to try different sentence patterns.The teacher added some sentence patterns for students to refer to when writing.Step 4 Writing taskActivity 51.Write the first draft.Students first review the evaluation criteria in activity 5, and then independently complete the draft according to the outline of activity 4, the answers to the questions listed in the group discussion and report, and the reference sentence pattern.2.Change partners.The teacher guides the students to evaluate their partner's composition according to the checklist of activity 5 and proposes Suggestions for modification.3.Finalize the draft.Based on the peer evaluation, students revise their own compositions and determine the final draft.Finally, through group recommendation, the teacher selects excellent compositions for projection display or reading aloud in class, and gives comments and Suggestions.Step 5 Showing writingActivity 5T call some Ss to share their writing.Step 6 Homework1. Read the passage in this section to better understand the passage.2. Carefully understand the hierarchical structure of the article, and deeply understand the plot of the story according to the causes, process and results;3. Independently complete the relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习,学生是否理解和掌握阅读文本中的新词汇的意义与用法;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否通过人物言行的对比分析道德故事的深层内涵;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否根据故事的起因、经过和结果来深入理解故事的情节,从而了解文章的层次结构;4、结合现实生活案例发表自己的见解和看法,写一篇观点明确、层次分明的故事评论。
(2) students are divided into groups according to the requirements of activity 3. Each student shares a story of personal experience or hearing-witnessing kindness, and then selects the most touching story in the group and shares it with the whole class. Before the students share the story, the teacher can instruct them to use the words and sentence patterns in the box to express. For example, the words in the box can be classified:Time order: first of all, then, after that, later, finally logical relationship :so, however, although, butTeachers can also appropriately add some transitional language to enrich students' expression:Afterwards, afterwards, at last, in the end, eventuallySpatial order: next to, far from, on the left, in front ofOtherwise, nevertheless, as a result, therefore, furthermore, in addition, as well asSummary: in a word, in short, on the whole, to sum up, in briefStep 8 Homework1. Understand the definition of "moral dilemma" and establish a correct moral view;2. Accumulate vocabulary about attitudes and emotions in listening texts and use them to express your own views;3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通过本节内容学习,学生能否理解理解“道德困境”的定义;2、通过本节内容学习,学生能否通过说话人所表达的内容、说话的语气、语调等来判断其态度和情绪;3、通过本节内容学习,学生能否针对具体的道德困境发表自己的看法和见解,能否掌握听力理训练中的听力策略。
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