5、弊端:(1)经济发展不均衡,片面发展重工业,使轻工业和农业长期处于落后状态;(2)对农民的剥夺太重,挫伤了农民的生产积极性;(3)长期执行指令性计划严重削弱了企业的生产自主权,不利于发挥企业的生产积极性,制约了苏联经济的可持续发展。(4)计划经济体制确立后,没有随着社会的变化进行调整,二战后逐渐僵化,丧失了自我完善的功能,成为苏联解体的重要因素。【合作探究】斯大林模式的评价及经验教训:积极:①使苏联迅速实现了 工业化②苏联经济实力的迅速增长,为反法西斯战争的胜利奠定了 物质基础 。消极:①政治:高度集权,破坏了 民主与法制 ; ②经济:优先发展重工业使 农业和轻工业长期处于落后状态,农民生产积极性不高;计划指令,压制了地方和企业的积极性,阻碍苏联经济的发展高度集中的计划经济体制,成为东欧剧变和苏联解体的重要原因。
2、学习有关政治知识学习政治知识有助于提高辨别是非能力,坚持正确政治方向;有助于紧扣时代脉搏,开阔眼界;有助于树立国家观念,维护国家利益;有助于增强民主法制观念培养公民意识;有助于提高参与政治生活的能力。3、参与政治生活,贵在实践教师活动:同学们参加过什么政治活动?你还知道有哪些可以参与的政治活动?学生活动:积极思考。我国公民参与政治生活的方式多种多样,无论什么方式,重要的是参与,在实践中才能才能不断提高自己的政治素质和参与政治生活的能力。(三)课堂总结、点评本节内容讲述了我国的政治生活的主要内容和中学生参与政治生活的方式、途径,这对我们今后提高自身政治素质,增强参与政治生活的能力等,证明了奋斗方向。
教学目的:通过学生课前收集资料、课堂展示、小组讨论及教师总结和讲解等形式,明确文化竞争力在国际竞争中的地位,感受各国各国日益激烈的文化竞争力,探讨如何提升中国特色社会主义文化的竞争力,培养学生的分析解决问题的能力,增强责任意识、科技意识和成才意识。教学时间:1小时课前准备:(1)学生分组收集美国、日本、英国等国家文化产业的发展状况和中国文化走向世界的资料,并要求制成简单的课件。(2)分组讨论课本P23—25的三个探究问题(①运用这些资料,从物质和精神两个方面,说明发展文化有什么意义。②你还能从社会生活的哪些现象中感受到一个国家的文化竞争力?③今天,中国文化为什么能够在世界各地赢得尊重与喝彩?),组长整理好讨论结果。
1.在激烈的国际竞争中,美国为首“巴统”在对中国出口高科技产品的问题上采取了种种限制措施,以避免西方发达国家的高科技技术和设备流人中国。面对发达国家的技术封锁,我们应该( )A.加速我国对外开放的步伐B.尽快改善与西方发达国家的关系C.努力提高自身的科技水平,增强本国的综合国力D.立足于自力更生,努力开发所有的高科技技术,以免受制于人答案:C解析:在当今和未来的世界,经济是基础,科技是龙头。因而,发展经济和科学技术是世界大多数国家最关心的问题。各国之间的竞争越来越多地转向经济和科技领域。各国都已经清楚地认识到,能否在科技发展上取得优势,增强以经;济和科技为基础的综合国力,最终将决定本国在国际上的地位。受各种主客观条件的限制,任何国家都不可能开发出自己所需要的所有技术,国家之间必须加强技术交流,互通有无,共同发展。“巴统”对我国进行技术出口方面的限制是基于其敌视中国的战略需要。为了打破西方国家的对我国的技术限制,我国必须从自身出发,提高自身的科技水平。
一、教材分析《民主监督:守望公共家园》是高一政治必修2第一单元第二课第四框题。在此之前,学生们已经学习了公民所享有的政治权利和自由,了解到公民享有监督权,这为过渡到本框题的学习起到了铺垫的作用。本框题承接了教材第一课“公民的政治权利和自由”这部分内容,又为后面第四课“权力的行使:需要监督”的学习埋下伏笔。所以学好这个框题为学好以后的政治常识打下牢固的基础,而且它在整个教材中也起到了承上启下的作用。二、教学目标(一)知识目标1、识记公民的民主监督权利、作用2、理解公民的民主监督的重要性。3、学会分析如何行使监督权(二)能力目标通过学习逐步形成民主监督能力。(三)情感、态度与价值观目标通过学习培养学生主人翁责任感。三、教学重点难点重点:公民的民主监督权利、作用、重要性。难点:民主监督的重要性
论证方法之引证法如何用好引证法:1.所引用的名言警句等针对性要强。每句名言都产生于特定的背景,都应用于特定的交际目的,即使谈同一个问题,也有不少名言可供选取。2.要简洁,不宜过多。议论是在发表自己的见解而不是在介绍他人的见解。引用他人的话,目的是为了让读者更加信服自己的话。3.要注意直接引用和间接引用的区别。直接引用务求文字、甚至标点均准确无误;间接引用只须述其大意,但要注意人称的转换。论证方法之喻证法喻证法是用设喻来论证论点的方法。在议论文中,设喻可以使论点更易懂、更风趣、更容易获得读者的认同。喻证法能化抽象为具体、化艰深为浅显、化枯燥为生动。论证方法之喻证法如何用好喻证法:1.以小见大,就近取譬。要精选生活中细小的、人们熟悉的事物做为设喻的喻体。2.喻体不求形似,只求神似。做为喻证的喻体与做为比喻的喻体不同。比喻的喻体是为了强调特征,描绘事物,侧重形似,以形比形;而喻证的喻体是为了阐发观点,以正视听,力求神似,以义取形。
评价分析法,就是引述事例后,对所引述的事例作适当的评价,从而使自己的观点得到印证。例如,在论“节俭”时,引用了“曾国藩以俭戒子,其子曾纪泽终成出色的外交家;方志敏居官不贪,一生清贫,千古留名”的事实后,接着进行分析:是的,“俭者心常富”,节俭能培养人同困难作斗争的勇气和意志,而这正是一个人立业最重要的素质。从这个意义上说,有人说饥饿是人生的佐料,吃苦是一种资本也不无道理,而自觉和戒奢尚俭则更是促人修身养性,磨炼意志的有效途径。这里,作者紧扣论点,对论据进行了评价性分析,这种评价分析使作者的观点得到强化。(四)因果分析法因果分析法,就是抓住论据所述的事实,并据此推求形成原因的一种分析方法。事出必有其因。我们可以依据事物发展变化的因果关系,由事物发展变化的结果,推导出产生这种结果的原因,从而揭示出一定的生活规律,使事例有力地证明观点。
战国阴阳五行家邹衍认为,历史中的朝代更替是由于五德运行产生的影响。按照邹衍的学说,每个朝代必须与五德之一相连,因此,这个朝代就应当遵循这五德之一的要求来运转。董仲舒修改了这个理论,认为朝代的更替不是依循五德运行的顺序,而是依循“三统”,即黑统、白统、赤统的顺序。他在《三代改制质文》中说:每个朝代都依循一统,每统又各有其为政的系统。按董仲舒的说法,夏朝代表黑统,商朝代表白统;周朝则是赤统。夏、商、周三朝完成了这一历史循环。之后,历史又开始一次新的循环,新的朝代又应当代表黑统。继承周朝统治的既不是秦朝,也不是汉朝,而是孔子,他承受天命,创立了黑统。孔子所受天命,不是一种“法统”,而是一种“道统”。董仲舒说:“《春秋》大一统者,天地之常经,古今之通谊也。今师异道,人异论,百家殊方,指意不同,是以上亡以持一统;法制数变,下不知所守。臣愚以为诸不在六艺之科孔子之术者,皆绝其道,勿使并进。邪辟之说灭息,然后统纪可一而法度可明,民知所从矣。”
设问:你怎么看待这个问题的?(这是达尔文没有想到的,是有人利用了达尔文的学说,科学应该与其区分开来,但是科学家在研究时,既要做到为追求真理不断探索,又要有一定的人文精神,比如我们只有以人为本,才能找到解决当今社会面临的诸如环保、战争、饥荒等问题的途径,才能构建防止核物理技术、克隆技术、信息技术、生物技术、太空技术等可能对人类造成不可逆转的破坏作用的思想基础、决策机制和社会条件。更重要的是社会和国家应该对此有足够的认识,正因为此,所以现在当一项科学发明出台后,就会有一些法律出台,限制其可能的非人道用途。但是这些影响应不成为我们进行科学探究的阻碍。)(3)科学与宗教的斗争设计意图:再次引导学生认识,科学的探索永无止境,同时也再次认识宗教和科学理论产生的原因。材料1:1972年,美国加利福尼亚教育部竟明文规定,中学生物学课本除进化论外,必须还有神创论的内容,而且两者的页数要各占一半。
4、维新思想推动下的变法运动虽然失败了。但这是中国近代真正意义上的一次思想解放潮流,为什么?展开:维新派提倡西学,兴民权,对封建专制制度和传统观念进行了冲击,促进了中国人民的觉醒,为资产阶级民主思想的传播奠定了基础,具有思想解放的启蒙作用。是一次救亡图存的爱国运动,也是一次发展资本主义的改革运动;他们提倡资产阶级新学,批判封建主义旧学,引导人们重新认识世界,他们痛感民族危机的严重,号召人们奋起救国,谋求国家的独立富强;给古老的中国社会注入的活力是不可低估的,站在历史长河的高度看,由传统农耕社会向近代工业社会转变是一股不可抗拒的历史潮流,尽管它在19世纪末的中国遭到了暂时挫折,但对清朝的封建专制统治却是一次巨大的强烈的冲击波,它留下的痕迹是永不磨灭的,是永远鼓舞与启迪后人的。
Step 2 Listening and Talking1. The teacher is advised to talk with their new students about the related topic: Boys and girls, do you know some structures to talk about future activities? Talking about future activitiesWe’ll …I plan to …There’ll be …I hope to …We’re going to …2. After their small talk, the teacher can move on by playing the listening and solve the following task.Underline the expressions in the sentences below Cao Jing and Max use to talk about the future.We’ll learn useful skills.I plan to improve my spoken English.There’ll be students from different schools.I hope to make new friends.We’ll talk about teenage life.I’ll learn to make a fire.There’ll be students from different countries at the camp.There’ll be some experts there to show us how to live in the wild.We’re going to learn about wildlife.I’m going to give a speech.I think I’m going to enjoy the activities.I think we’ll have a lot of fun.3. Work in groups. Plan a youth camp.Teacher make the Ss think of ideas for the camp. And they can use the questions below to get started. And have the Ss present their ideas for a youth camp to the class.●What kind of camp is it?●Who will be there?●What will they do?●What will they learn?
Finally, after finishing the task above, the teacher is expected to instruct students to work in groups to finish the following project:Speaking ProjectWhat event or activity would you like to invite your friend to? Make a conversation with a partner.Ski Race: Zhangjiakou, a beautiful city in northern China, will host the Youth Ski Race in December.Track Meet: a great event for track –and –field lovers on 26 October.Gym Class: come and work out at a gym! You can make it.Part 2: Listening and Talking:The teacher is advised to talk with their new students about the related topic: Boys and girls , what do you think of sportsmanship? Let’s listen and find out:Play the listening and match each opinion with the right speaker. Who do you agree with? Why?Cao Jing _____________ Lily _____________ Max _____________A. An athlete should do his/her best to win.B. The girl should stop and help the other girl. Good sportsmanship is more important than wining!C. An athlete should think about honor and his/her fans if he/she is competing for his/her country.Listen again and circle the expressions that you hear in the conversation.
【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with the grammar: tag questions.This period carries a considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ spoken English. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercise of good quality.【教学目标与核心素养】1. Get students to have a good understanding of the basic usages of tag questions.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Develop students’ speaking and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.【教学重难点】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the basic usages of tag questions.2. How to enable students to use the basic usages of tag questions flexibly.【教学过程】Step1: 语法自主探究一、基本组成方法1.肯定式陈述部分+否定附加疑问部分(前肯后否) You often play badminton, don’t you? 你经常打羽毛球,是吗?You are going to the gym with me, aren’t you?你要和我一起去健身房,是吗?She’s been to shanghai before, hasn’t she? 她以前去过上海,是吗?2.否定式陈述部分+肯定附加疑问部分(前否后肯) It isn't a beautiful flower, is it? 那不是美丽的花,是吗?You didn't go skating yesterday, did you? 你昨天没去滑冰,是吗?They can’t finish it by Friday, can they?他们不能在星期五之前完成,是吗?
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语,它通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. Places to visit...well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall first.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have. Why ?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King.Justin: Really? Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought.Justin:Sounds great, thanks.Answers:Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Do you have any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, that’s cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. What are some places to visit in Guizhou ? Well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall is the first place to visit in Guizhou Province.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West . Why do you ask if I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King from Journey to the West.Justin: That’s really true? It’s Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages on your trip to Guizhou Province. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought it was.Justin:This all sounds great, thanks.
The topic of this part is “Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity”.This section focuses on Chinese culture by introducing Chinatown, whose purpose is to show the relationship between the Chinese culture and American culture. The Chinese culture in Chinatown is an important part of American culture. Chinatown is an important window of spreading Chinese culture and the spirit homeland of oversea Chinese, where foreigners can experience Chinese culture by themselves.Concretely, the title is “Welcome to Chinatown!”, from which we can know that the article aims at introducing Chinatown. The author used the “Introduction--Body Paragraph--Conclusion” to describe the people, language, architecture, business, famous food and drinks and people’s activities, which can be a centre for Chinese culture and shows its unique charm.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information.2. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.3. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.4. Learn to correct others’ writing.1. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.2. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.Step 1 Lead in ---Small talkIn the reading part, we mentioned the Chinatown of San Francisco. How much do you know about Chinatown of San Francisco ?Chinatown is a main living place for Chinese immigrants, where you can see many Chinese-style buildings, costumes, operas, restaurants, music and even hear Chinese.Step 2 Before reading ---Predict the contentWhat is the writer’s purpose of writing this text ? How do you know ?From the title(Welcome to Chinatown) and some key words from the text(tourist, visit, visitors, experience), we can know the purpose of the text is to introduce Chinatown and show the relationship between Chinese culture and American culture.
1. In Picture 1 and Picture 2, where do you think they are from? How do you know?From their wearings, we can know they are from ethnic minority of China--- Miao and Dong.Picture 1, they are playing their traditional instrument lusheng in their traditional costumes.Picture 2. the girls are Miao because they wear their traditional costumes and silver accessory.2. In Picture 3, can you find which village it is? What time is it in the picture?It is Dong village. It is at night. Step 2 While-listeningJustin met a new friend while traveling in Guizhou. Listen to their conversation and complete the summaries below.Part 1Justin and Wu Yue watched some Miao people play the lusheng. The instrument has a history of over 3,000 years and it is even mentioned in the oldest collection of Chinese poetry. Then they watched the lusheng dance. Justin wanted to buy some hand-made silver/traditional accessories as souvenirs. He was told that the price will depend on the percentage of silver. Part 2They will go to a pretty Dong minority village called Zhaoxing. they will see the drum towers and the wind and rain bridges. They may also see a performance of the Grand Song of the Dong people.Step 3 Post-listening---TalkingWork in groups. Imagine Justin is telling some friends about his trip to Guizhou. One of you is Justin and the rest of you are his friends. Ask Justin questions about his trip and experience. The following expressions may help you.
Discuss these questions in groups.Q1: Have you ever been to a place that has a diverse culture ? What do you think about the culture diversity ?One culturally diverse place that I have been to is Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang Province. I went there last year with my family to see the Ice and Snow Festival, and I was amazed at how the culture as different to most other Chinese cities. There is a big Russian influence there, with beautiful Russian architecture and lots of interesting restaurants. I learnt that Harbin is called “the Oriental Moscow” and that many Russians settled there to help build the railway over 100 years ago.Q2: What are the benefits and challenges of cultural diversity ?The benefits: People are able to experience a wide variety of cultures, making their lives more interesting, and it can deepen the feelings for our national culture, it is also helpful for us to learn about other outstanding culture, which helps improve the ability to respect others. The challenges: People may have trouble communicating or understanding each other, and it may lead to disappearance of some civilizations and even make some people think “The western moon is rounder than his own.”Step 7 Post reading---RetellComplete the passage according to the text.Today, I arrived back in San Francisco, and it feels good (1) _____(be) back in the city again. The city succeeded in (2)_________ (rebuild) itself after the earthquake that (3)________ (occur) in 1906, and I stayed in the Mission District, enjoying some delicious noodles mixed with cultures. In the afternoon, I headed to a local museum (4)____ showed the historical changes in California. During the gold rush, many Chinese arrived, and some opened up shops and restaurants in Chinatown to earn a (5)_____ (live). Many others worked on (6)______ (farm), joined the gold rush, or went to build the railway that connected California to the east. The museum showed us (7)____ America was built by immigrants from (8)________ (difference) countries and cultures. In the evening, I went to Chinatown, and ate in a Cantonese restaurant that served food on (9)________(beauty) china plates. Tomorrow evening, I’m going to (10)__ jazz bar in the Richmond District. 答案:1. to be 2. rebuilding 3. occurred 4. that 5.living6. farms 7.how 8. different 9. beautiful 10. a
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