
材料二 20世纪80年代初,大陆的统一观已经有了创新性的发展,不完全要求绝对的“政治上的服从”和制度上的一致,首创了一个国家中允许存在不同社会制度的理论。这一理论在香港和澳门获得了成功的实践。——据许士铃《国家统一是中华民族历史形成的国家观》⑵材料二中,大陆首创的“一个国家中允许存在不同社会制度的理论”是指什么(2分)分析这一理论提出的依据(2分)。

材料一 汉代王充説:“商鞅相孝公,内秦升帝业。”(1)根据材料一,回答商鞅変法对秦国的作用。材料二 19世紀50~70年代俄国机器制造业統計表据统计,1860~1890年,俄国的生铁产量增加了2倍,钢产量和棉纺织业的产值都增加了3倍,而煤炭产量的增加则超过了19倍。在此期间,俄国的整个工业产量增长了6倍。(2)请概括材料二中的历史信息。哪次改革推动了以上现象的出现?材料三 1933年整个资本主义世界工业生产下降40%……美、德、法、英大量企业破产,资本主义世界失业工人达到3000多万,几百万小农破产,无业人口颠沛流离。——摘编自 《世界历史》九年级下册(3)材料三反映了资本主义世界哪一重大事件?针对这一一事件,美国采取了什么应对政策?(4)通过以上问题的探究,你能得到哪些启示?

材料一:内战的结束意味着”战时共产主义“这种权宜之计已经失去其原有的价值,于是它立即被摒弃了。农民们拿起了武器,反对无偿的征用。……注重实际的列宁认识到让步是不可避免的。﹣﹣斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》材料二:罗斯福称,这是”美国国会制定的最重要、最具有深远意义的立法。“根据该法成立了”全国复兴署“……该法的中心是企图依靠国家和垄断组织联合的力量,对处于”自我毁灭性竞争“状态的企业界进行一定程度的干预……缓和阶段矛盾,实现罗斯福领导全国”合作“的意图。﹣﹣齐世荣主编《世界史。现代卷》

(1)图一毕昇的发明是什么?四大发明中,为欧洲航海家的航海活动,创造条件的发明是什么?广泛应用于战争的发明是什么?在汉代,还有一项为世界文化做出巨大贡献的发明是什么?(4分)(2)图二瓦特蒸汽机出现以后,极大地促进了大工厂生产的发展。从此,人类进入了什么时代?史蒂芬孙利用蒸汽机发明的交通工具是什么?(2分)(3)图三的发明出现在第二次工业革命时期,它的发明者是哪位美国科学家?电力的应用日益广泛,人类历史进入了什么时代?美国的莱特兄弟把人类翱翔天空的梦想变成现实,他们的发明成果是什么?( 3分)(4)图四出现在第三次科技革命时期。这次科技革命的核心是什么?(1分)

材料一:商鞅颁布变法令规定:废除土地国有制,全面实行土地私有制,土地可以自由买卖.这样就破坏了奴隶制的生产关系,促进了封建经济的发展.﹣﹣摘编自白寿主编《中国通史》 材料二:农民赎买份地的赎金,比当时的地价还高.原来农民取得的份地,按当时的市价,总值约6.5亿卢布,而他们后来实际付出的却不少于20亿卢布.﹣﹣《世界历史》人教版九年级上册

(1)以下表述,与材料一信息一致的,请在答题卡上相应的括号内划“√”;违背了材料信息的,请在相应的括号内划“×”;材料信息没有涉及的,请在括号内划“○”。(4分)①新中国的外交政策是和平共处五项原则。( )②新中国成立初期,团结亚、非、拉美国家是我国外交的重点。( )③美蒋特务制造了企图谋害周恩来等中国代表的“克什米尔公主号事件”。()④20世纪70年代, 我国结束了同美国、日本长期对立的僵局,实现了关系正常化。( )

材料一 中国代表在和会上要求收回大战期间被日本侵占的德国在山东的一切权益,和会竟不顾中国的反对和抗议,决定把德国在山东的一切非法权益移交给日本,这激起了中国人民的无比愤怒。﹣﹣岳麓版(九下)历史教科书(1)材料一中“和会”指的是哪次国际会议?“这激起了中国人民的无比愤怒”引发的爱国运动是什么?

材料一十八世纪,封建王朝统治下的法国是个农业国,但资本主义工商业已经有了很大的发展,资本主义的发展,要求冲破封建制度的束缚。1789年7月,法国大革命爆发。……十九世纪上半期,俄国资本主义已经有所发展。在欧洲工业革命的影响下,还出现了手工劳动逐步被机器生产取代的趋势。但俄国落后的农奴制限制了自由劳动力的供应和国内市场的开拓……1861年,沙皇亚历山大二世批准了废除农奴制的法令。﹣﹣摘编自《世界历史》九年级上册教材

材料一 卫鞅曰,“治世不一道,便国不法古。”孝公曰,“善。”以卫鞅为左庶长,卒定变法之令。……内容包括:1、承认土地私有、准许自由买卖。2、奖励耕织、按军功大小封爵、授田、踢宅。3、推行县制,全国设31县,由国君直接派官吏治理。——七年级历史救学参考岳麓版(1)材料一反映的是我国古代哪一次变法?(1分)从推动社会发展进步的角度考虑,其变法内容中那一条最重要?(答案填数字序号即可,不必照抄内容)(1分)材料二 1898年6月,光绪帝颁布《定国是诏》和一系列诏令,实施变法。变法涉及政治、经济、文化、军事等各方面,但“改科举、废八股”的诏令引发各地士人“民情汹汹,群起反对”,而军事上的措施既少又空洞无法实施。……各省督抚大多持观望态度,这些诏令始终停留在纸面上。梁启超在《变法通议》中记载“西后待皇上疾声厉色,呵斥之声不绝。皇上见西后如对狮虎,战战兢兢。……诸臣之敢履次抗拂上(皇上)意者,皆以恃西后为护符,欺皇上之无权也。……上(皇上、所倚者,唯军机四章京而已。”——八年级历史教学参考岳麓版(2)材料二反映的是我国近代史上的哪次变法?(l分)变法中遇到的阻力和困难有哪些?(不得照抄原文)(2分)

When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣赏) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).

Once upona time, two brothers lived in a village. They were both famers and grew corn.The elder brother had many children to feed. The younger brother also had a bigfamily to look after. Although the brothers were poor, they lived happily.

B: It’s about theexperiments three astronauts are doing on the space station.A: That’s great. I’minterested in space, so I want to be an astronaut like them.

Each ofthem has their own experience- two people with synesthesia may both “feel”music, but they almost never feel the music in the same way. For example, onemay feel the music of the violin lightly brushing his face; the other may feelit on her ankle (脚踝). And one’s experience of synesthesia is alwaysthe same. If they see the number 5 in the color blue, then 5 is blue every timethey see it.

FIFA World Cup is one of the biggest sportsevents in the world. It ___11___ every 4 years. The first World Cup wasin 1930. It has a history of over 90 years. During the World Cup, ___12___fans watch the games and cheer for their favorite teams or players. We haveknown some famous football players from the football competitions, such asBeckham, Messi, and Figo. They have excited football fans for many years.

The boy named Li Banghua is from Hefei. AnhuiProvince. He made the plane completely by himself. The plane is 0.6 meterswide, has a wingspan (翼展) of 4.4 meters and weighs about 40 kilograms.According to a local report, Li just finished his high-school entrance exam ayear ago and got good grades.

___14___, I think an interest in Englishis very important. When I was in Grade Three, we had a new ___15___ — English,it was new for me. I was interested in it. I worked hard at it. Soon we had anEnglish exam and I got a very good mark. How ___16___ I was! After that,I learned English harder. Our English teacher often teaches us English songs,and ___17___ sound nice. I often think how interesting English is!

“We thankall the Chinese people for their support and encouragement. Our thanks also goto our workmates who took part in the mission (任务) and worked with us allthe time,” Zhai said to the reporter after he landed on the ground. “It is thepower and strength of our country that built the high-flying space station. Iam proud of our great motherland.”

In ourdaily lives, we are often given some boring or tiring tasks. What’s in yourmind when your mom tells you to clean the floor? Have you ever wanted tocomplain(抱怨)? I think most people have.

Bike-to-Work Day is held every year across NorthAmerica on the third Friday of May. It was started by the League ofAmerican Bicyclists in 1956. Its aim is to promote (促进) the bicycle as a seriouschoice of getting to and from work. In today’s world where global warming is aserious issue, the bicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon (碳) footprint.

Fiveyears ago, Jennifer, a girl from Australia, came to Xiangtan University tostudy Chinese. There she fell in love with Chinese culture and met her husband,who is a local (当地的) young man. They got married after she finishedher study. Since then, she has started her new life in Xiangtan City.
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