材料一 昔武王克商,光有天下,其兄弟之国者十有五人,姬姓之国者四十人,皆举亲也。——《左传》材料二 这位新皇帝开始将早先在本国取得辉煌成功的法家学说应用到全中国。……将广阔的国土划分为若干郡县,每一郡县都配备一批由中央政府任命,并向中央政府负责的官员。——斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》(1)材料一、材料二分别反映了中国古代的哪一政治制度?(4分)(2)上述两种政治制度有何显著区别?(4分)
材料一 社会大动荡、大变革催生了一场历时三百多年之久的跨世纪大辩论,儒墨争雄,儒道争锋,儒法争用……展现出无穷的魅力。这场大辩论,留下了那么多宝贵的思想文化遗产,让我们受益至今。——易中天《先秦诸子文化》(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,概括这场历时“三百多年之久的世纪大辩论”发生的历史 背景。(4分)
【古代篇】材料一 春秋以前,土地属于国家所有。春秋以来,由于铁农具和牛耕的使用和推广,大量荒地被开垦出来,一些奴隶主将新开垦出来的田地变成私产并出租……----摘自人教版教材《中国历史》(七年级上册)(1)面对上述变化,商鞅在变法时采取了怎样的措施?(1分)材料二 元世祖即位之初就发布诏令:"国以民为本,民以求食为本,衣食以农桑为本。”---《元史·食货志》(2)材料中的诏令表明了元世祖治理国家的什么态度?(1分)元世祖为此采取了哪些具体的措施?(1分)
材料一 (隋唐开始的)科举选官制度,使一些本来无立锥之地的平民书生,通过科场也得以晋身于官僚、贵族的行列,其中包括着一大批极为出色的、有着高度文化素养的政治家和行政管理专家。这样以来,在社会的等级阶层之间,也就必然会出现等级中的升降、甚至贵贱间的对流,这种流动性同时为那些原来既非官僚、也不是地主的人步入官僚队伍,提供了可能性。——摘编自胡平《试论科举对中国古代政治制度的影响》(1)据材料一并结合所学知识,概括科举制对中国古代政治的影响。(4分)
材料一 秦始皇开始将早先在本国取得辉煌成功的发家学说应用到全中国……他还通过统一度量衡和货币来实现经济集中化。……——斯托夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》(1)秦始皇最先将谁的法家学说应用到全国?(1分)材料二 秦汉时期的中央统治者,为了有效地维护“大一统”,都对统治思想进行了选择,用以规范、整齐全国上下的思想。——《“大一统”之梦》(2)秦汉统治者是如何“规范、整齐全国上下的思想”的?(3分)
材料一 孟子认为“大丈夫”是人生的最高目标,从理想人格的意义讲,孟子所谓的“大丈夫”具备四种重要的德行,“恻隐之心,人之端也;羞恶之心,又之端也;禅让之心,礼之端也,是非之心,智之端也.|”全力发展此“四端”,便会成为具有浩然之气的“大丈夫”.-----摘编自《中国通史》(1)材料一中,孟子认为“大丈夫”应具备怎样的道德规范?结合所学知识,简述孟子的政治理想.材料二 一位阿拉伯商人记述:两宋时期,信用券被广泛应用,富裕商人率先使用印制的纸币,极大地便利了商品的交换.中国商人把钱借给别人时会写下借条,借债人则在纸条上用食指和中指画押.他们主张以信接物,以义为利,市不二价,童叟无欺,不卖假货,不赚黑钱,不会乘人之危而半利.---摘编自《新全球史》(2)据材料二,概括指出宋代商人具有怎样的优秀品质?结合所学知识,概述宋代商业繁荣的主要表现.
材料一 2016年4月24日,“华光礁1号沉船特展”在南京博物院开展,吸引了众多观众前来参观。“华光礁1号”是我国考古工作者在西沙群岛的远海地区发现的第一艘古船.该船是一艘南宋商船,800多年前在航行到西沙华光礁时不幸触礁沉没。——摘编自2016年4月25日人民网材料二 据考证,“华光礁1号”当时是从福建泉州港出发,船货均为南宋外销瓷器,最终在西沙群岛沉没。这意味着,沉船行驶在向西的“海上丝绸之路”航线上,前往东南亚甚至更远的地方。专家认为,“华光礁1号”古沉船遗址及出土文物,记载着古代中国与周边国家友好往来的历史,标志着中国人开创了“全球经济一体化”的先河,促进了世界文明的发展。——摘编自2016年4月25日中国新闻网(1)根据材料写出这艘“商船”原定的航行路线。(2分)当时这艘船使用的先进导航工具应该是什么?(2分)(2)结合图9与相关内容,指出这艘沉船的出土文物主要是什么物品?(1分)请写出这些物品的著名产地之一。(1分)当时政府在港口设立的外贸管理部门是什么?(2分)(3)材料中的“海上丝调之路”最早开辟于哪个朝代?(2分)这条航线的开辟有何重大历史意义?(2分)
31.阅读下列材料,回答问题。材料一 农,天下之大本也,民所恃以生也。而民或不务本而事末,故生不遂。——汉文帝材料二 世儒不察,以工商为末。妄议抑之。夫工商圣王之所欲来,商又使其愿出于途者,盖皆本也。——黄宗羲(1)材料一反映了中国古代哪一重要思想?据此,西汉统治者采取了哪些措施?(2)材料二中黄宗羲提出了什么主张?应如何评价这一主张?
材料一 公元l世纪时,古罗马博物学家普林尼在其被誉为百科全书式的著作《自然史》中把中国叫做“丝之国”,古罗马的贵族都以穿着中国丝绸为荣。他还说中国出产的钢很硬,质地很好。17世纪以来,许多欧洲国家的宫廷和王公贵族更是竟相购藏中国的瓷器、漆器和丝绸、刹绣,甚至不惜重金到中国定做,运回国内珍藏起来。(l)材料一反映了古丝绸之路对罗马上层社会生活的影响。清指出汉代丝绷之路的起止点,并说明其开通的重大历史意义。(4分)
Slowlybut surely, Amy and her grandparents were making progress. Boxes of all sizeswere placed on top of each other throughout the house. Amy’s grandparents hadlived in the house for years and they had collected many things.
YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (树干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北极)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉机)and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”
Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.
During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南极).Amundsen arrived first.
Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.
When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣赏) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).
Electric cars may seem like a recent invention,but they have been around for years. In the early 1900s, there were ___16___electric cars on the road than gasoline(汽油)cars, because at that time,gasoline was expensive compared with other fuels(燃料), electriccars were more popular.
I often use old clothes that people don’t wearany more to make bags. I opened a small shop in my community and set up awebsite to sell the bags online. Many customers think they are fantastic. Now Iplan to write a new book about ways to use old clothes.