知识探究(一):普查与抽查像人口普查这样,对每一个调查调查对象都进行调查的方法,称为全面调查(又称普查)。 在一个调查中,我们把调查对象的全体称为总体,组成总体的每一个调查对象称为个体。为了强调调查目的,也可以把调查对象的某些指标的全体作为总体,每一个调查对象的相应指标作为个体。问题二:除了普查,还有其他的调查方法吗?由于人口普查需要花费巨大的财力、物力,因而不宜经常进行。为了及时掌握全国人口变动状况,我国每年还会进行一次人口变动情况的调查,根据抽取的居民情况来推断总体的人口变动情况。像这样,根据一定目的,从总体中抽取一部分个体进行调查,并以此为依据对总体的情况作出估计和判断的方法,称为抽样调查(或称抽查)。我们把从总体中抽取的那部分个体称为样本,样本中包含的个体数称为样本量。
本节主要内容是三角函数的诱导公式中的公式二至公式六,其推导过程中涉及到对称变换,充分体现对称变换思想在数学中的应用,在练习中加以应用,让学生进一步体会 的任意性;综合六组诱导公式总结出记忆诱导公式的口诀:“奇变偶不变,符号看象限”,了解从特殊到一般的数学思想的探究过程,培养学生用联系、变化的辩证唯物主义观点去分析问题的能力。诱导公式在三角函数化简、求值中具有非常重要的工具作用,要求学生能熟练的掌握和应用。课程目标1.借助单位圆,推导出正弦、余弦第二、三、四、五、六组的诱导公式,能正确运用诱导公式将任意角的三角函数化为锐角的三角函数,并解决有关三角函数求值、化简和恒等式证明问题2.通过公式的应用,了解未知到已知、复杂到简单的转化过程,培养学生的化归思想,以及信息加工能力、运算推理能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力。
首先,要认真钻研教材,为“预设”打好基础。教材是教学资料的载体,每一位教师都要认真研读、感悟、领会教材,了解教材的基本精神和编写意图,把握教材所带给的数学活动的基本线索,分析教材所渗透的数学思想、方法和学生活动的科学内涵,这样才能体会新教材蕴含的教学理念,备出高质量的教学预案。 其次,要改变备课模式,变“教案”为“学案”。学生是学习的主人,一切知识经验的获得都依靠于学生的自主建构、自我内化。离开了“学”,再精心的“设计”也没有好处,教师要充分思考,预设学生可能出现的状况,并采取相应的对策。即对整个教学过程进行一种有准备、有意识的预设。
课题序号6-3授课形式讲授与练习课题名称等比数列课时2教学 目标知识 目标理解并掌握等比数列的概念,掌握并能应用等比数列的通项公式及前n项和公式。能力 目标通过公式的推导和应用,使学生体会从特殊到一般,再从一般到特殊的思维规律,初步形成认识问题、分析问题、解决问题的一般思路和方法 。素质 目标通过对等比数列知识的学习,培养学生细心观察、认真分析、正确总结的科学思维习惯和严谨的学习态度。教学 重点等比数列的概念及通项公式、前n项和公式的推导过程及运用。教学 难点对等比数列的通项公式与求和公式变式运用。教学内容 调整无学生知识与 能力准备数列的概念课后拓展 练习 习题(P.21): 3,4.教学 反思 教研室 审核
课题序号 授课班级 授课课时2授课形式 教学方法 授课章节 名称9.5柱、锥、球及其组合体使用教具 教学目的1、使学生认识柱、锥、球及其组合体的结构特征,并能运用这些特征描述生活中简单物体的结构。 2、让学生了解柱、锥、球的侧面积和体积的计算公式。 3、培养学生观察能力、计算能力。
系(部)医药授课教师戚文撷授课班级11(5),11(6)班授课类型新授课授课时数2课时授课周数第一周授课日期2012.2.15授课地点 教室课题第六章数列分课题§6.2 等差数列教学目标1. 理解等差数列的概念,掌握等差数列的通项公式;掌握等差中项的概念. 2. 逐步灵活应用等差数列的概念和通项公式解决问题. 3.等差数列的前N项之和 . 4.培养学生分析、比较、归纳的逻辑思维能力. . 2. 3.教学重点等差数列的概念及其通项公式. 教学难点等差数列通项公式的灵活运用. 教学方法情境教学法、自主探究式教学方法教学器材及设备黑板、粉笔复习提问提问内容姓名成绩1.数列的定义? 答: 2. 数列的通项公式? 答: 板书设计 §6.2.1等差数列的概念 1. 1.等差数列的定义 公差:d 2.常数列 3.等差数列的通项公式 an=a1+(n-1)d. 等差数列的前n 项和公式: 例题 练习作业布置习题第1,2题.课后小结本节课主要采用自主探究式教学方法.充分利用现实情景,尽可能地增加教学过程的趣味性、实践性.我再整个教学中强调学生的主动参与,让学生自己去分析、探索,在探索过程中研究和领悟得出的结论,从而达到使学生既获得知识又发展智能的目的.
教 学 过 程教师 行为学生 行为教学 意图时间 *揭示课题 1.2正弦型函数. *创设情境 兴趣导入 与正弦函数图像的做法类似,可以用“五点法”作出正弦型函数的图像.正弦型函数的图像叫做正弦型曲线. 介绍 播放 课件 质疑 了解 观看 课件 思考 学生自然的走向知识点 0 5*巩固知识 典型例题 例3 作出函数在一个周期内的简图. 分析 函数与函数的周期都是,最大值都是2,最小值都是-2. 解 为求出图像上五个关键点的横坐标,分别令,,,,,求出对应的值与函数的值,列表1-1如下: 表 001000200 以表中每组的值为坐标,描出对应五个关键点(,0)、(,2)、(,0)、(,?2)、(,0).用光滑的曲线联结各点,得到函数在一个周期内的图像(如图). 图 引领 讲解 说明 引领 观察 思考 主动 求解 观察 通过 例题 进一 步领 会 注意 观察 学生 是否 理解 知识 点 15
教 学 过 程教师 行为学生 行为教学 意图时间 *揭示课题 1.3正弦定理与余弦定理. *创设情境 兴趣导入 在实际问题中,经常需要计算高度、长度、距离和角的大小,这类问题中有许多与三角形有关,可以归结为解三角形问题,经常需要应用正弦定理或余弦定理. 介绍 播放 课件 了解 观看 课件 学生自然的走向知识点 0 5*巩固知识 典型例题 例6一艘船以每小时36海里的速度向正北方向航行(如图1-14).在A处观察灯塔C在船的北偏东30°,0.5小时后船行驶到B处,再观察灯塔C在船的北偏东45°,求B处和灯塔C的距离(精确到0.1海里). 解 因为∠NBC=45°,A=30°,所以C=15°, AB = 36×0.5 = 18 (海里). 由正弦定理得 答:B处离灯塔约为34.8海里. 例7 修筑道路需挖掘隧道,在山的两侧是隧道口A和B(图1-15),在平地上选择适合测量的点C,如果C=60°,AB = 350m,BC = 450m,试计算隧道AB的长度(精确到1m). 解 在△ABC中,由余弦定理知 =167500. 所以AB≈409m. 答:隧道AB的长度约为409m. 图1-15 引领 讲解 说明 引领 观察 思考 主动 求解 观察 通过 例题 进一 步领 会 注意 观察 学生 是否 理解 知识 点 40
教 学 过 程教师 行为学生 行为教学 意图时间 *揭示课题 3.1 排列与组合. *创设情境 兴趣导入 基础模块中,曾经学习了两个计数原理.大家知道: (1)如果完成一件事,有N类方式.第一类方式有k1种方法,第二类方式有k2种方法,……,第n类方式有kn种方法,那么完成这件事的方法共有 = + +…+(种). (3.1) (2)如果完成一件事,需要分成N个步骤.完成第1个步骤有k1种方法,完成第2个步骤有k2种方法,……,完成第n个步骤有kn种方法,并且只有这n个步骤都完成后,这件事才能完成,那么完成这件事的方法共有 = · ·…·(种). (3.2) 下面看一个问题: 在北京、重庆、上海3个民航站之间的直达航线,需要准备多少种不同的机票? 这个问题就是从北京、重庆、上海3个民航站中,每次取出2个站,按照起点在前,终点在后的顺序排列,求不同的排列方法的总数. 首先确定机票的起点,从3个民航站中任意选取1个,有3种不同的方法;然后确定机票的终点,从剩余的2个民航站中任意选取1个,有2种不同的方法.根据分步计数原理,共有3×2=6种不同的方法,即需要准备6种不同的飞机票: 北京→重庆,北京→上海,重庆→北京,重庆→上海,上海→北京,上海→重庆. 介绍 播放 课件 质疑 了解 观看 课件 思考 引导 启发学生得出结果 0 15*动脑思考 探索新知 我们将被取的对象(如上面问题中的民航站)叫做元素,上面的问题就是:从3个不同元素中,任取2个,按照一定的顺序排成一列,可以得到多少种不同的排列. 一般地,从n个不同元素中,任取m (m≤n)个元素,按照一定的顺序排成一列,叫做从n个不同元素中取出m个元素的一个排列,时叫做选排列,时叫做全排列. 总结 归纳 分析 关键 词语 思考 理解 记忆 引导学生发现解决问题方法 20
一、定义: ,这一公式表示的定理叫做二项式定理,其中公式右边的多项式叫做的二项展开式;上述二项展开式中各项的系数 叫做二项式系数,第项叫做二项展开式的通项,用表示;叫做二项展开式的通项公式.二、二项展开式的特点与功能1. 二项展开式的特点项数:二项展开式共(二项式的指数+1)项;指数:二项展开式各项的第一字母依次降幂(其幂指数等于相应二项式系数的下标与上标的差),第二字母依次升幂(其幂指数等于二项式系数的上标),并且每一项中两个字母的系数之和均等于二项式的指数;系数:各项的二项式系数下标等于二项式指数;上标等于该项的项数减去1(或等于第二字母的幂指数;2. 二项展开式的功能注意到二项展开式的各项均含有不同的组合数,若赋予a,b不同的取值,则二项式展开式演变成一个组合恒等式.因此,揭示二项式定理的恒等式为组合恒等式的“母函数”,它是解决组合多项式问题的原始依据.又注意到在的二项展开式中,若将各项中组合数以外的因子视为这一组合数的系数,则易见展开式中各组合数的系数依次成等比数列.因此,解决组合数的系数依次成等比数列的求值或证明问题,二项式公式也是不可或缺的理论依据.
重点分析:本节课的重点是离散型随机变量的概率分布,难点是理解离散型随机变量的概念. 离散型随机变量 突破难点的方法: 函数的自变量 随机变量 连续型随机变量 函数可以列表 X123456p 2 4 6 8 10 12
授课 日期 班级16高造价 课题: §10.1 计数原理 教学目的要求: 1.掌握分类计数原理与分步计数原理的概念和区别; 2.能利用两个原理分析和解决一些简单的应用问题; 3.通过对一些应用问题的分析,培养自己的归纳概括和逻辑判断能力. 教学重点、难点: 两个原理的概念与区别 授课方法: 任务驱动法 小组合作学习法 教学参考及教具(含多媒体教学设备): 《单招教学大纲》、课件 授课执行情况及分析: 板书设计或授课提纲 §10.1 计数原理 1、加法原理 2、乘法原理 3、两个原理的区别
课程课题随机事件和概率授课教师李丹丹学时数2授课班级 授课时间 教学地点 背景分析正确使用两个基本原理的前提是要学生清楚两个基本原理使用的条件;分类用加法原理,分步用乘法原理,单纯这点学生是容易理解的,问题在于怎样合理地进行分类和分步教学中给出的练习均在课本例题的基础上稍加改动过的,目的就在于帮助学生对这一知识的理解与应用 学习目标 设 定知识目标能力(技能)目标态度与情感目标1、理解随机试验、随机事件、必然事件、不可能事件等概念 2、理解基本事件空间、基本事件的概念,会用集合表示基本事件空间和事件 1 会用随机试验、随机事件、必然事件、不可能事件等概念 2 会用基本事件空间、基本事件的概念,会用集合表示基本事件空间和事件 3、掌握事件的基本关系与运算 了解学习本章的意义,激发学生的兴趣. 学习任务 描 述 任务一,随机试验、随机事件、必然事件、不可能事件等概念 任务二,理解基本事件空间、基本事件的概念,会用集合表示基本事件空间和事件
教 学 过 程教师 行为学生 行为教学 意图时间 *揭示课题 10.3总体、样本与抽样方法(一) *创设情境 兴趣导入 【实验】 商店进了一批苹果,小王从中任意选取了10个苹果,编上号并称出质量.得到下面的数据(如表10-6所示): 苹果编号12345678910质量(kg)0.210.170.190.160.200.220.210.180.190.17 利用这些数据,就可以估计出这批苹果的平均质量及苹果的大小是否均匀. 介绍 质疑 讲解 说明 了解 思考 启发 学生思考 0 10*动脑思考 探索新知 【新知识】 在统计中,所研究对象的全体叫做总体,组成总体的每个对象叫做个体. 上面的实验中,这批苹果的质量是研究对象的总体,每个苹果的质量是研究的个体. 讲解 说明 引领 分析 理解 记忆 带领 学生 分析 20*巩固知识 典型例题 【知识巩固】 例1 研究某班学生上学期数学期末考试成绩,指出其中的总体与个体. 解 该班所有学生的数学期末考试成绩是总体,每一个学生的数学期末考试成绩是个体. 【试一试】 我们经常用灯泡的使用寿命来衡量灯炮的质量.指出在鉴定一批灯泡的质量中的总体与个体. 说明 强调 引领 观察 思考 主动 求解 通过例题进一步领会 35
师:在科学发展过程中,前一个理论体系的不完善之处,往往是新的研究和新的发现的突破口。开普勒之后,意大利天文学家伽利略创制了天文望远镜,用更加精确的观察继续发展和验证哥白尼创立的新天文学理论。除了用望远镜进行天文观察以外,伽利略还开始进行自然科学的实验研究,哪位同学能给大家讲一讲伽利略在比萨斜塔上所作的关于物体自由下落的实验?生:(讲述这一实验)师:所以,伽利略在科学方面更加重要的贡献是奠定了近代实验科学的基础。(2)实验科学和唯物主义师:伽利略从实践上开辟了实验科学的方法,而英国唯物主义哲学家培根则从理论上阐述了实验科学的方法——归纳法。培根和伽利略同被称为实验科学之父,培根还有一句影响深刻的名言:“知识就是力量”,表明了他注重知识,尊崇科学的精神。我们再来概括一下意大利哲学家布鲁诺的唯物主义思想,是否有同学可以简述布鲁诺的生平事迹?
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语,它通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.