
材料一 卫鞅曰,“治世不一道,便国不法古。”孝公曰,“善。”以卫鞅为左庶长,卒定变法之令。……内容包括:1、承认土地私有、准许自由买卖。2、奖励耕织、按军功大小封爵、授田、踢宅。3、推行县制,全国设31县,由国君直接派官吏治理。——七年级历史救学参考岳麓版(1)材料一反映的是我国古代哪一次变法?(1分)从推动社会发展进步的角度考虑,其变法内容中那一条最重要?(答案填数字序号即可,不必照抄内容)(1分)材料二 1898年6月,光绪帝颁布《定国是诏》和一系列诏令,实施变法。变法涉及政治、经济、文化、军事等各方面,但“改科举、废八股”的诏令引发各地士人“民情汹汹,群起反对”,而军事上的措施既少又空洞无法实施。……各省督抚大多持观望态度,这些诏令始终停留在纸面上。梁启超在《变法通议》中记载“西后待皇上疾声厉色,呵斥之声不绝。皇上见西后如对狮虎,战战兢兢。……诸臣之敢履次抗拂上(皇上)意者,皆以恃西后为护符,欺皇上之无权也。……上(皇上、所倚者,唯军机四章京而已。”——八年级历史教学参考岳麓版(2)材料二反映的是我国近代史上的哪次变法?(l分)变法中遇到的阻力和困难有哪些?(不得照抄原文)(2分)

21.“封侯非我意,但愿海波平”是明朝抗倭英雄戚继光的豪迈诗句。22.三大战役中,解放华北全境的战役是辽沈战役。23. 1997年7月1日,香港顺利回归祖国。24.日本的大化改新,标志着日本从奴隶社会开始向封建社会过渡。25.殖民扩张和掠夺是英国最早成为资本主义工业强国的重要条件之一。26.1861年,沙俄政府在废除农奴制的法令中规定,农奴在获得“解放”时,可以无偿得到一块土地。27.萨拉热窝事件是第二次世界大战的导火线。28. 1942年1月,美、英、苏、中等26个国家在华盛顿签署了《联合国家宣言》,标志着世界反法西斯同盟正式建立。29.湘南起义的主要领导人是朱德、陈毅。30.湖南的地方剧种丰富多彩,有湘剧、花鼓戏、祁剧、豫剧等。

材料一11世纪中期,印刷技术出现了重大突破,平民毕昇经过反复实验,发明了活字印刷术,毕昇的这一发明,是印刷史上的重大事件,对文明的传播、交流和发展,产生了深远影响。﹣摘自中华书局版《中国历史》(七年级下册)(1)根据材料一,指出印刷技术出现重大突破的标志是什么?这一重大突破产生了怎样的影响?材料二19世纪下半期,科学技术的突破,带来了社会生产力的极大发展和人们物质生活水平的提高。与此同时,科学技术的成果和巨大的生产力也被应用于军事领域、潜艇、飞机、坦克等新式武器的相继问世,使战争扩展到海底和空中;电报、电话和无线电等新的通讯工具的出现,使战争可以在更大范围展开,科学技术的成果这一人类智慧的结晶被用于军事,预示着未来的战争更加残酷。﹣摘自岳麓书社《20世纪的战争与和平》(2)材料二中“19世纪下半期,科学技术的突破”被称为什么?科学技术成果的应用,对未来战争产生了怎样的影响?

材料二 20世纪80年代初,大陆的统一观已经有了创新性的发展,不完全要求绝对的“政治上的服从”和制度上的一致,首创了一个国家中允许存在不同社会制度的理论。这一理论在香港和澳门获得了成功的实践。——据许士铃《国家统一是中华民族历史形成的国家观》⑵材料二中,大陆首创的“一个国家中允许存在不同社会制度的理论”是指什么(2分)分析这一理论提出的依据(2分)。

材料一 郑和携带大量金银、钱等作为賞赐,输入的物品多为象牙、香料、球宝等奢侈品,这种贸易不是出于商业目的,不仅对国计民生无补,反而大大消耗了国力。郑和每到一处,还往往以大国身份,无偿予当地许多丝织品、瓷器、铜器、铁器等,也不利于经济上的发展。——摘自岳麓版《教学参考书)七年下册194页(1)郑和下西洋是中国古代海外贸易的重大事件,郑和下西洋最远到达哪里?从材料可见,这种贸易是朝贡贸易,即外国向中国进贡特产,中国对外国进行赏赐。材料讲了这种贸易的哪些弊端?(4分)

材料二 1856年,亚历山大二世向莫斯科贵族发表演说,他说:“到处在谣传,我要给农民自由,这是不公正的,但是,遗憾的是,农民和他们的地主之间存在着敌对情绪,并因此发生了许多不服地主管束的事情。因而,从上面解决要比从下面解决好得多。”——据孙成木《俄国通史简编》(2)根据材料二并结合所学知识,指出亚历山大二世怎样“从上面解决”“农民和地主间敌对情绪”的。(2分)

观沧海曹操东临碣石,以观沧海。水何澹澹,山岛竦峙。树木丛生,百草丰茂。秋风萧瑟,洪波涌起。日月之行,若出其中;星汉灿烂,若出其里。幸甚至哉,歌以咏志。

读书不能死章句,需要思考一个“活”字。李白在《嘲鲁儒》中说:“鲁叟谈五经,白发死章句。问以经济策,茫如坠烟雾。”诗人对那些夸夸其谈而没有真才实学的“鲁叟”进行了辛辣的嘲讽。这些人谈起五经头头是道,问起经世济民之策却茫然无知。他们拿腔拿调,架子十足,却死于章句,不知时变。陆游《冬夜读书示子聿》中的观点,则更加值得那些“鲁叟”们深思。他说“纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行”,言词朴素,满含哲理,诗中提出的理论与实践相结合的观点,至今犹有现实意义。只有在实践中才能得真知、悟真谛,真正学有所获,学有所用。

失掉了他信力,就会疑,一个转身,也许能够只相信了自己,倒是一条新生路,但不幸的是逐渐玄虚起来了。信"地"和"物",还是切实的东西,国联就渺茫,不过这还可以令人不久就省悟到依赖它的不可靠。一到求神拜佛,可就玄虚之至了,有益或是有害,一时就找不出分明的结果来,它可以令人更长久的麻醉着自己。

During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南极).Amundsen arrived first.

In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (树干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.

As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北极)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).

Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉机)and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”

Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.

Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.

YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.

When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣赏) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).

Michelle,a famous lady, has found that more than 25% students are too fat in hercountry. It is a very serious problem. So she starts a Health Program to dealwith it. The Health Program is to reduce the number of fat students today andin the future.

“Her daughter passed away a few days ago. Now,she can’t do the same things she used to do with her daughter. She doesn’t knowwhat to do. Even little things like making dinner and cleaning the house areharder for her to do now. Maybe you can think of a way to help her,” her mothersaid.

For a long time, I guarded the garden of peaceand quiet. When the children followed me into the garden, I would expect themto be out of sight (视野). And I would hand out tasks.
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