
材料一 孔子路过泰山脚下,发现有个妇人在坟墓旁哭得很悲伤。孔子派学生子路去问她:“你哭得这么伤心,是不是不止一次遭到这样的不幸了?”她说:“是啊!以前我公公死在老虎口中,我丈夫也死在老虎口中,现在我儿子又被老虎咬死了。”孔子问:“那你为什么不离开这里呢?’’妇女回答说:“(因为)这里没有残暴的统治。”孔子对学生们说:“你们要记住,残暴的统治比老虎还要可怕啊!”——译自《十三经注疏》本《礼记·檀弓下》(1)材料一中的故事反映出孔子的主要思想是什么?(2分)材料二 请看某同学画的一幅漫画及注解。(2)该漫画体现的政治制度始于什么时期?(1分)依据材料二并结合所学知识指出该制度的作用。(2分)

材料三 美国内战是两种不同制度之间矛盾与冲突的结果,也是一场维护国家主权完整的战争。如果主权完整得不到维护,领 上得不到统一,资本主义制度就难以一统美国天下,工业化就会推迟。如果美国分裂成了两个或者更多的国家,或者北方没有赢得胜利,美国就不可能成为20世纪世界第一强国。——《大国崛起解说词》

材料一 魏晋以来,官员大都从各地高门权贵的子弟中选拔。权贵子弟无论优劣,都可以做官。许多出身低微但有真才实学的人,却不能到中央和地方担任高官。——摘自《中国历史》材料二 科举制度的最大合理性在于它那“朝为田舍郎,暮登天子堂”式的“机会均等”……的机制,对知识分子的社会心理是一种塑造,客观上激励了个人的奋斗精神。——摘自薛明扬《中国传统文化概论》(1)材料一、材料二中选拔官吏的标准分别是什么?(4分)(2)根据材料二,分析科举制度的作用。(4分)

【经略海洋——中国篇】材料一 十一至十三世纪,印度洋已成了大宋商船的天下。……宋朝从海上贸易中抽税近二百万贯,以百分之十的税率计算,可以推算出,宋代每年的进出口总额约为二千万贯。……一位宋朝诗人写过一首描述泉州港贸易的诗:“苍官影里三洲路,涨海声中万国商!”——吴钓《宋代:中国的大航海时代》(1)由材料一及所学知识,写出宋朝管理海外贸易的机构的名称。促使宋朝“大航海时代”来临的技术原因是什么?(2分)材料二 御外之道,莫切于海防;海防之要,莫重于水师。——1874年《江苏巡抚吴元柄奏议》(2)早在1684年,康熙帝为巩固东南海防采取了什么措施?与材料二吴元炳“重于水师”的奏议相对应,洋务派是如何做的?(2分)

材料一 秦始皇开始将早先在本国取得辉煌成功的发家学说应用到全中国……他还通过统一度量衡和货币来实现经济集中化。……——斯托夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》(1)秦始皇最先将谁的法家学说应用到全国?(1分)材料二 秦汉时期的中央统治者,为了有效地维护“大一统”,都对统治思想进行了选择,用以规范、整齐全国上下的思想。——《“大一统”之梦》(2)秦汉统治者是如何“规范、整齐全国上下的思想”的?(3分)

材料一 2015年夏,香港推出“汉武盛世:帝国的巩固和对外交流”大型汉代文物展,让观众近距离欣赏逾160组珍贵文物。展览以汉帝国崛起为重心,共设有“汉帝国的巩固和扩张”、“汉代社会生活”和“汉代的科技、文化与中西交通”三个主题。(1)汉武帝时帝国最为强盛。列举汉武帝时期“汉帝国的巩固和扩张”的两项措施。(2分)

【人民的智慧】材料三 这是预兆资产阶级社会到来的三项伟大发明,火药把骑士阶层炸得粉碎,A打开了世界市场并建立了殖民地,而B则变成新教的工具,变成科学复兴的手段,变成推动精神发展创造的必要前提和最强大的杠杆。——马克思《机器、自然力和科学的应用》(3)材料中的A是指哪一科技发明?宋代时改进B项发明的历史人物是谁?中国的三大发明传入欧洲后,对欧洲历史发展最重要的影响是什么?(4分)

31.阅读下列材料,回答问题。材料一 农,天下之大本也,民所恃以生也。而民或不务本而事末,故生不遂。——汉文帝材料二 世儒不察,以工商为末。妄议抑之。夫工商圣王之所欲来,商又使其愿出于途者,盖皆本也。——黄宗羲(1)材料一反映了中国古代哪一重要思想?据此,西汉统治者采取了哪些措施?(2)材料二中黄宗羲提出了什么主张?应如何评价这一主张?

材料一 公元l世纪时,古罗马博物学家普林尼在其被誉为百科全书式的著作《自然史》中把中国叫做“丝之国”,古罗马的贵族都以穿着中国丝绸为荣。他还说中国出产的钢很硬,质地很好。17世纪以来,许多欧洲国家的宫廷和王公贵族更是竟相购藏中国的瓷器、漆器和丝绸、刹绣,甚至不惜重金到中国定做,运回国内珍藏起来。(l)材料一反映了古丝绸之路对罗马上层社会生活的影响。清指出汉代丝绷之路的起止点,并说明其开通的重大历史意义。(4分)

As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北极)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).

Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉机)and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”

Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.

YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.

In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (树干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.

During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南极).Amundsen arrived first.

Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.

When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣赏) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).

“Her daughter passed away a few days ago. Now,she can’t do the same things she used to do with her daughter. She doesn’t knowwhat to do. Even little things like making dinner and cleaning the house areharder for her to do now. Maybe you can think of a way to help her,” her mothersaid.

For a long time, I guarded the garden of peaceand quiet. When the children followed me into the garden, I would expect themto be out of sight (视野). And I would hand out tasks.

Michelle,a famous lady, has found that more than 25% students are too fat in hercountry. It is a very serious problem. So she starts a Health Program to dealwith it. The Health Program is to reduce the number of fat students today andin the future.
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