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小班科学教案 好朋友
（一）谈话导入： “今天呀，我给大伙带来了一大堆的宝贝，你想不想看一看是什么？”带领孩子找一找，发现泥土。 （二）通过引导提问，让孩子根据已获得的经验建构新的知识 （1）是什么呀？ （2）你在哪里见过泥土？（通过观察泥土，引起孩子兴趣，发现许多东西都需要泥土） （3）你见过的泥土里有什么？（引发泥土与动植物的关系，他们与泥土都是好朋友） （三）实物观察，认识蚯蚓的外形特征及生活习性。 “嘘！什么声音？”教师故做神秘，充分引起幼儿兴趣“哇！这里还藏着一堆泥土呢！它在跟谁玩呢？” （引出蚯蚓） 1、这是谁？你知道它的名字吗？打个招呼吧！（Hello！蚯蚓） 2、你看蚯蚓长的什么样？（引导孩子发散思维） 3、（捏着一个孩子的小脸蛋）你看××的皮肤滑滑的、白白的，小蚯蚓跟我们的一样吗？蚯蚓是什么颜色的？（……）你用小手摸一摸它。 4、小蚯蚓的嘴巴在动呢！它在干嘛呢？（引出吃东西）小蚯蚓吃什么？（如果孩子答不出来）师：那我问问它，小蚯蚓吃什么呀？（如果孩子答不出来的话）：师：那我问问它，小蚯蚓你吃什么呀？（蹲下来非常神秘的听小蚯蚓回答，引起孩子的兴趣）小蚯蚓原来吃垃圾、还有树上掉下来的树叶。你学一学小蚯蚓是怎样吃东西的？ （四）以生动形象的故事贯穿，让幼儿了解蚯蚓给植物松土的本领。
小班科学教案 冷冷的
活动准备： 装有冷水和热水的瓶子各10个，热水袋、冰块各一份，布袋两个，各种物品图片大小各一份。活动过程：一、布袋里的秘密1、师：今天，老师带来了两个布袋袋，里面藏着小秘密，你们想不想知道？ 请两名幼儿来摸摸，说说摸到了什么？2、教师出示热水袋和冰块，让孩子们摸摸，说说感觉。3、你喜欢冷冷的还是热热的？4、小结：冬天到了，我们喜欢热热的，天气热了，我们就喜欢冷冷的。
小班科学教案 声音的振动
【活动准备】 瓶子、米粒、豆子、图案贴纸（用于装饰瓶子）、背景音乐《白龙马》、乐器幻灯片 【活动过程】 一、童话故事导入。圣诞节到了，小企鹅和金丝猴收到了圣诞老人送给他们的礼物。小企鹅受到了一盒巧克力，金丝猴也收到了一个包装很漂亮的礼物，高兴地打开看，原来里面装着一个普通的瓶子，他有点太失望了。圣诞老人笑呵呵地说：“金丝猴，你可别小看这个瓶子，它叫“铃铛乐器”，他很神奇呢！接着，圣诞老人唱起歌来，还不停地摇动瓶子伴奏。金丝猴一看，原来这是用瓶子制作的“铃铛乐器”啊，金丝猴开心地笑了起来。小朋友我们也来做一个吧！ 二、认识材料：瓶子、漏斗、米粒、豆子、图案贴纸。
小班科学教案 挖土大力士
【活动准备】1、活动开展前教师和家长应带幼儿观察建筑工地。2、准备各种挖土工具的图书、图片、录像等资料。3、收集玩具挖土机。 【活动过程】1、导入：小朋友，你们见过挖土机吗？谁能说一说挖土机有什么本领？2、观看录象：在各种不同场所工作着的挖土机。 （1）请幼儿仔细观察挖土机是怎样工作的。 （2）请幼儿观察挖土机用什么挖土？像什么? （3）让幼儿学着挖土机按顺序作挖土的动作。 （4）引导幼儿用语言描述挖土机的样子以及它挖土的动作。
小班科学教案 水宝宝搬家
【活动重难点】尝试用合适的工具帮助水宝宝搬家。 【活动准备】 材料准备：漏勺、提篮、小筐、塑料袋、果冻壳、茶叶盒、玩具、网篮、小碗、小杯子等。 【活动过程】一、手指游戏导入。 一个手指头一个手指头，变变变成毛毛虫； 两个手指头两个手指头变变变成小白兔； 三个手指头三个手指头变变变成小花猫； 四个手指头四个手指头变变变成螃蟹爬； 五个手指头五个手指头变变变成小青蛙 （手指游戏吸引幼儿的注意力，让幼儿关注自己能干的小手） 二、出示一杯水，引出课题。 小朋友们，你们看这是什么？你在哪里见过水啊？它可以用来干什么呢？ 水宝宝可以帮我们做这么多的事情，今天水宝宝们也遇到困难了，需要我们帮助，我们帮帮他们好吗？原来啊水宝宝们要搬新家了，看，他们的新家多漂亮啊，可他们没有想出好的办法，我们替他们想个好办法吧。 （幼儿自由发言）。 活动中：幼：把盆端过去。 师：这个方法不错，可是，里面住着太多的水宝宝，太沉了我们小朋友搬不动。我们再想想还有什么好的方法呢？我们可以用什么工具呢？ 幼：小碗、勺子、杯子、小盆…… 小朋友们想的办法都很好，老师也为小朋友们准备了一些工具。 提要求：请每个小朋友来选择一种工具来帮水宝宝搬家，我们给水宝宝搬家的时候，，要注意不能把水宝宝撒出来丢在半路上了，否则水宝宝会迷路的，我们要把水宝宝安全送到新家。 下面请小朋友们跟老师一起做，小手小手伸出来，袖子袖子卷起来。
幼儿园小班科学教案 轮子
2、通过游戏让幼儿知道轮子是可以滚动的活动准备：PPT、幼儿带来的各种车子活动过程： 一、介绍各种不同数量轮子的车 今天我给你们带来一个神奇的宝贝，你们知道是谁吗？ （一）出示两只轮子，引起兴趣1、你们看这是什么？有几只？2、你见过的两只轮子的车吗？是什么车？ 小结：两只轮子的车有自行车、电动车、摩托车 过渡：还想接着往下看吗？
小班科学教案 有趣的肥皂
［活动目标］ 1、培养幼儿用肥皂洗手的良好卫生习惯。 2、通过幼儿的自主探索活动，使幼儿知道肥皂的外形特征及用途。 ［活动准备］ 各式各样的肥皂及肥皂盒若干；各种旧玩具、旧手绢等；吹泡泡玩具瓶（与幼儿人数相等）；“我爱洗澡”音乐及磁带、录音机；盛玩具的小筐若干；干净毛巾（与幼儿人数相等）、盛水的大水盆六个，小方布一块，剪好的小红星若干。 ［活动过程］1、《我爱洗澡》音乐，老师与幼儿做动作进入活动室。 （1）老师吹泡泡引起幼儿兴趣。 （2）出示肥皂并请幼儿描述。（请幼儿自由发言） （3）出示多种多样的肥皂，让幼儿观摩。老师引导幼儿观察肥皂形状、颜色、气味，并用手摸摸，说出感觉。（幼儿分别发表自己的意见）
第七周国旗下讲话稿：请以耐心爱上这三年
老师们同学们大家早上好，我是来自高三七班的胡祎珩。今天我演讲的题目是“请以耐性爱上这单调的三年”。你是否感到深陷囹圄，被幽囚在这方寸土，这个时间。你以为所谓的青春，只是在想撕碎四四方方的白卷，在想抹去手中永不停歇的笔所落下的墨点中挣扎，却又无计可施。所以你感到乏味。也许，只是因为你并未爱上。爱上这些单调冗杂的日子。和大家分享《约翰·克里斯朵夫》中的一段话：“你得对着新来的日子抱着虔诚的心……对每一天都得抱着虔诚的态度。得爱它，尊敬它，尤其不能侮辱它，妨害它的发荣滋长。便是像今天这样灰暗愁闷的日子，你也得爱……现在是冬天，一切都睡着了。将来大地会醒过来的，你只要跟大地一样，像它那样有耐性就是了。”正如书中所说，爱上这些仿佛无限循环的日子，要有耐性。打开搜索引擎搜索这两字，得到的心理学释义是：坚持，自制力，积极的态度等。就这三点，向大家提出以下三点建议：一，坚持。千里大堤一沙一石的积累，才能有前不见头，后不见尾的壮丽；慈悲我佛一天一日的修善，才能有普渡众生，大爱天下的情怀。量变引起质变，你必须明白，时间的积累，重复的循环，是多么重要。
xx市第一高级中学2024年上半年工作总结和下半年工作计划
(一)完成校本部和莲溪校区的招生计划。暑假期间，充分利用微信公众号、微信朋友圈、视频号、抖音等各类宣传媒介，对招生进行宣传报道，营造良好的舆论氛围。开放咨询渠道，严格按照招生方案进行招生，确保圆满完成招生计划。(二)继续招纳贤才，进一步充实教师队伍。下半年将继续协助人社局、教体局开展校园招聘和社会招聘，广纳贤才，为学校的可持续发展菱定基础。(三)持续规范教学常规，提高教育教学质量一是抓好教学常规，教学常规的中心环节在课堂，力求课堂效果最大化。二是扎实做好尖子生培养工作。在尖子生培养方面，做到“精心”、“精品”，致力于寻求尖子生培养的良方。
小学听评课制度
一、听课要求 （一）听课节数： 校长、教导主任：每学期听课不少于20听课要覆盖所有学科和所有年级。 教师：听课不少于10节，参加教育工作五年以内（含五年）的教师每学期听课不少于15节。 （二）听课形式： 1．独立听课。学校领导可随时到班听“推门课”。教师之间独立听课可以协商进行。 2．集体听课。校级或教研组组织的公开课、观摩课、汇报课等。 3.外出学习听课。 （三）听课要求： 1．听课前，原则上应该先自行调好自己的课程，如有自己解决不了的问题请教导处协调，千万不能因教师听课而耽误学生的学习。 2．教研组以上的集体听课，教研组长及所在班的班主任应协助做好听课准备工作，如时间的安排、地点的安排、电教设备、学生的准备等。 3．听课时，教师要提前5分钟进入教室，不讲话、不走动、关闭通信工具。如无特殊情况不中途离场，以示对执教者的尊重。 4．要认真做好听课记录。教师要做好详细记录，所有听课者都应写听课简评。
XX学年第一学期期中考试动员国旗下讲话稿：积极复习，有效迎考
敬爱的老师、亲爱的同学们：大家早上好!我是九（5）班的林xx，今天我国旗下讲话的题目是积极复习，有效迎考。时间过的真快，一晃半个学期即将过去，马上就将迎来期中考试了。期中考试不仅是对同学们半个学期以来学业成果的一次盘点、检阅，更是对同学们的自信心、自觉性、意志力、诚信度的一次考验。也是对老师们辛勤工作的最好回报。勤奋出天才，这是一面永不褪色的旗帜。它永远激励着我们不断地追求，不断地探索。每个人都应该学会手脑并用，把烂笔头和聪明大脑结合起来，刻苦学习，一心向上。只有积极复习，有效迎考方能取得好成绩。在复习阶段，我们要温故知新、查漏补缺，把所有的作业本和测试卷都整理出来，找出原来的错题，进行归纳总结，分析错误的原因，吸取经验教训，再做一些同类的题目进行巩固，并学会一题多解，举一反三。
XX-XX学年度第二学期期末考试动员国旗下讲话稿
亲爱的同学们，尊敬的老师们：大家上午好。期末考试临近，大家都进入到了紧张的复习阶段。大家即将面临的不仅仅是学校的期末考试，高一的同学们月末将迎来两门科目的合格考考试，高二的同学们将迎来五门合格考科目的考试。考试，是学习不可或缺的组成部分，也是同学们全面总结、查漏补缺的绝好时机。在这里我要对同学们提出三点希望：第一，合理安排复习，做好时间管理针对本次期末考试和合格考，同学们要优先确保合格考的顺利通过。注重基础知识的梳理与深刻理解，根据二八法则，科学规划复习，做好时间管理，在多学科复习安排时，优先复习薄弱学科；每一门学科的复习，优先复习重点模块和必考的核心内容。复习阶段，紧张、焦虑伴随着大家，适度的焦虑有利于我们备考，但是过度焦虑则有百害而无一利的。这里给大家几个建议：
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 3 Diverse Cultures-Reading and Thinking教学设计
Discuss these questions in groups.Q1: Have you ever been to a place that has a diverse culture ? What do you think about the culture diversity ?One culturally diverse place that I have been to is Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang Province. I went there last year with my family to see the Ice and Snow Festival, and I was amazed at how the culture as different to most other Chinese cities. There is a big Russian influence there, with beautiful Russian architecture and lots of interesting restaurants. I learnt that Harbin is called “the Oriental Moscow” and that many Russians settled there to help build the railway over 100 years ago.Q2: What are the benefits and challenges of cultural diversity ?The benefits: People are able to experience a wide variety of cultures, making their lives more interesting, and it can deepen the feelings for our national culture, it is also helpful for us to learn about other outstanding culture, which helps improve the ability to respect others. The challenges: People may have trouble communicating or understanding each other, and it may lead to disappearance of some civilizations and even make some people think “The western moon is rounder than his own.”Step 7 Post reading---RetellComplete the passage according to the text.Today, I arrived back in San Francisco, and it feels good (1) _____(be) back in the city again. The city succeeded in (2)_________ (rebuild) itself after the earthquake that (3)________ (occur) in 1906, and I stayed in the Mission District, enjoying some delicious noodles mixed with cultures. In the afternoon, I headed to a local museum (4)____ showed the historical changes in California. During the gold rush, many Chinese arrived, and some opened up shops and restaurants in Chinatown to earn a (5)_____ (live). Many others worked on (6)______ (farm), joined the gold rush, or went to build the railway that connected California to the east. The museum showed us (7)____ America was built by immigrants from (8)________ (difference) countries and cultures. In the evening, I went to Chinatown, and ate in a Cantonese restaurant that served food on (9)________(beauty) china plates. Tomorrow evening, I’m going to (10)__ jazz bar in the Richmond District. 答案：1. to be 2. rebuilding 3. occurred 4. that 5.living6. farms 7.how 8. different 9. beautiful 10. a
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Discovering Useful Structure教学设计
The theme of the section is “Describe space facts and efforts to explore space”. Infinitives are one of non-finite verbs, as the subjects, objects, predicative, attributes and adverbials. This unit is about space exploration, which is a significant scientific activity, so every scientific activity has strong planning. Therefore, using the infinitives to show its purpose, explanations or restrictions is the best choice.1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English. 1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use use infinitives in oral and writing English.Step 1 Lead in---Pair workLook at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot..(作目的状语)2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space..(作目的状语)3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree..(作目的状语)4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space..(作定语)5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space..(作定语)Summary:1. 不定式的结构：to+do原形。2. 分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来表目的，还可以用来作定语，表修饰。
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 4 Space Exploration-Reading For Writing教学设计一
另一方面，其余的人反对这个计划，因为它可能会导致一些不好的影响。7.I hold the belief that space exploration not only enable us to understand how the universe began but also help us survived well into the future.我坚信探索太空不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源而且能够帮助我们更好地走进未来。8.I think we should spend more time and money exploring space so as to provide new and better solutions to people's shortterm and longterm problems.为了给人类的短期和长期问题提供更新和更好的解决方法，我认为我们应该花更多的时间和金钱来探索太空。9．From my point of view，it is wrong of young people to depend on their telephones too much，which may do harm to both their physical and mental health.在我看来，年轻人过度依赖手机是不对的，因为它们可能会对他们的身心健康都有害。最近你班同学就“人类是否应该进行宇宙探索”这个问题进行了激烈的讨论。有人认为，探索宇宙不仅让人类更好地了解宇宙的发展，还可以用来指导农业生产，以及把一些探索太空的高新技术用于现实生活；也有一些人认为探索太空花掉了大量的人力物力；影响了人们的生活水平。请你根据以下情况写一篇报告并发表自己的观点。注意：1.写作内容应包括以上全部要点，可适当发挥，使上下文连贯；
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 The Value of Money-Listening &Speaking教学设计
Step 4: Listen again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1 It was the first time Chen Liyan's story was reported. T口 F口2 Chen found 10,000 yuan in a small plastic bag in Taiyuan railway station口 F口3 Wang Zheng apologized to Chen because he couldn't offer her more money. T口 F口4 Chen took out a large loan to cure her daughter, T口 F口5 Wang set up a fundraising website for Chen's daughter after Chen told him about her situation. T口 F口Step 5：After listening, discuss the questions.1 What kind of person do you think Chen Liyan is?Chen Liyan is generous and honest because she returned a large sum of money to the owner.2 Did Chen return the money because she didn't need it?No. She returned the money because it was the right thing to do. Evidence for this is that she refused to accept the reward money because she felt that it had not been earned. 3 Is it common for people to do what Chen did?It depends on the culture. In some countries it is quite common to return money that has been found. In other countries, people believe "Finders are keepers!" 4 How did Wang Zheng feel about the return of his money?He must have been very happy and relieved to have gotten his money back. We know this because he thanked Chen repeatedly and even offered her a reward.5 Why did Ma Dongbao tell Wang about Chen's family?He must have had great sympathy for Chen and her daughter and wanted to help them.'We know this because he arranged help for them. 6 How did the news reporter feel about Chen's actions?The news reporter felt that it showed that money wasn't the most important thing in life. We know this because the reporter told us that this is what Chen believes. and then said, “that's a great attitude to take."
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 5 The Value of Money-Reading for Writing教学设计二
2. 您能看到, 我头发太长了。You can see that my hair is much too long.3. 无论什么时候, 只要您想回来就回来。Please come back whenever you want.4. 您仅有很少的头发要理! You only have too little hair to cut !5. 为您服务是我的荣幸！It is my honour to serve you!Step 9 Writing(Henry is walking down the street when he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to have it cut. )H=Henry B=BarberH: Good afternoon, I’d like to have my hair cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry’s hair and continues cutting another man’s hair. ) Er, I’d really like a haircut. As you can see it’s much too long. B: (in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H: Fine, well, I’ll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber’s chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B: It’s quite expensive here, you know! Are you sure you can afford it?H: Yes. I think so. (After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B: Why Mr. . . (looks shocked)H: Adams. Henry Adams. I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. B: Please don’t worry! (wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about! Nothing at all! Please come back whenever you want, even if you only have too little hair to cut! It will be my honour to serve you!Step 10 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Are all the elements of a play included and in good order ?2. Do the character use suitable language ?3. Are the stage directions clear and useful ?4. Is the plot clear and exciting enough ?
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Reading and Thinking教学设计
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教学设计
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
新人教版高中英语必修3Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations-Reading for writing教学设计二
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
