材料二从公元 476 年西罗马帝国灭亡到 14~16 世纪文艺复兴之前, 欧洲是政教合一的封建时代,宗教裁判所可以仅仅因为布鲁诺信奉哥白尼的日心说这样一个科学学说,而把他视为异端判处死刑,烧死在罗马鲜花广场上。因此,欧洲中世纪的科技经济发展和社会进步都受到了极大的阻碍,史称“黑暗的中世纪”。而这一千年,中国国家长期统一,经济持续发展,中华封建文明在大踏步前进……以四大发明为标志的传统技术更为世人所称道……只是到了近代才落后于西方。——摘编自王渝生《传统文化与中国科技发展》(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,指出中国古代科技在世界科技史上的地位变化情况。(4分)(2)根据材料二并结合所学知识,概述公元401~1500年中国古代科技发展的主要原因。(6分)(3)下图是某校初三·三班吕亚楠同学制作的中国“古代四大发明”手抄报照片,其中“四大发明是什么”的答案有点模糊不清,请你补充完成。( 4 分)
【思想的光芒】材料一 老子,中国古代伟大的思想家,春秋时期楚国人。他曾做过周朝管理藏书的史官,孔子曾向他问礼,感叹他学问的高深。年老时,留下了五千言的名著。这部著作流传甚广。据联合国教科文组织统计,它是世界上被译成外国文字最多的著作之一。孔子,中国古代伟大的思想家和教育家,春秋时期鲁国人。弟子三千,其言行被编成《论语》一书。他为我国文化教育事业的发展作出了重要贡献,被后世尊称为“万世师表”。孔子的思想在中国和世界思想史上享有重要地位。(1)材料所述老子的“名著”是什么?(1分)作为“万世师表”的孔子,其思想的核心是什么?(1分)战国时在思想文化领域出现了“百家争鸣”的局面,请列举其中一个学派及其代表人物。(1分)
小兰有记学习笔记的好习惯,她常在笔记中记载一些学习生活中碰到的问题,请你帮她解答。材料一 今天学校进行学籍注册,我的籍贯填的是湖南省郴州市,而同桌乌兰雅的籍贯填的是内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗。为什么湖南是省而内蒙古却是自治区呢?(1)自治区设立的依据是什么?(2分),材料二 乌兰雅成天把“成吉思汗”这个名字挂在嘴边,总在我们面前炫耀自己是成吉思汗的后代,并以此为荣!成吉思汗是谁呀?乌兰雅为什么这么崇拜他?(2)请你简要介绍成吉思汗。(4分)材料三 由于乌兰雅的到来,班主任决定在班上召开一次以民族团结为主题的班会。安排我定言,我该说些什么呢?(3)请你帮小兰找出中国古代有关民族团结的史实。(6分)
21.“封侯非我意,但愿海波平”是明朝抗倭英雄戚继光的豪迈诗句。22.三大战役中,解放华北全境的战役是辽沈战役。23. 1997年7月1日,香港顺利回归祖国。24.日本的大化改新,标志着日本从奴隶社会开始向封建社会过渡。25.殖民扩张和掠夺是英国最早成为资本主义工业强国的重要条件之一。26.1861年,沙俄政府在废除农奴制的法令中规定,农奴在获得“解放”时,可以无偿得到一块土地。27.萨拉热窝事件是第二次世界大战的导火线。28. 1942年1月,美、英、苏、中等26个国家在华盛顿签署了《联合国家宣言》,标志着世界反法西斯同盟正式建立。29.湘南起义的主要领导人是朱德、陈毅。30.湖南的地方剧种丰富多彩,有湘剧、花鼓戏、祁剧、豫剧等。
①马铃薯是菜还是粮?在1月6日举办的马铃薯主粮化发展战略研讨会上,丰富多彩的马铃薯主食制品令人大开眼界。马铃薯全粉占比40%的馒头、面包、马铃薯芝士蛋糕等,都颠覆着人们对马铃薯的认知。②农业部副部长在会上表示,要以科技创新引领马铃薯主粮化发展,推动形成马铃薯与谷物协调发展的新格局。据介绍,马铃薯有望成为稻米、小麦、玉米之外的第四大主粮作物。它的种植面积将逐步扩大到1.5亿亩,年产鲜薯增加2亿吨,折合粮食约为5000万吨。
读书不能死章句,需要思考一个“活”字。李白在《嘲鲁儒》中说:“鲁叟谈五经,白发死章句。问以经济策,茫如坠烟雾。”诗人对那些夸夸其谈而没有真才实学的“鲁叟”进行了辛辣的嘲讽。这些人谈起五经头头是道,问起经世济民之策却茫然无知。他们拿腔拿调,架子十足,却死于章句,不知时变。陆游《冬夜读书示子聿》中的观点,则更加值得那些“鲁叟”们深思。他说“纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行”,言词朴素,满含哲理,诗中提出的理论与实践相结合的观点,至今犹有现实意义。只有在实践中才能得真知、悟真谛,真正学有所获,学有所用。
材料 当代国学大师南怀瑾说:中国文化历史,在秦汉以前,主要是儒、墨、道三家,笼罩了全部的文化思想。到唐宋以后,换了一家,成为儒释道三家,这三家又笼罩着中国文化思想。佛学像百货店,有钱有闲,可去逛逛,逛了买东西也可,根本不逛也可,但社会需要它;道家像药店,它包括了兵家、纵横家的思想,乃至天文、地理、医药,一个国家、民族生病,非去这个药店不可;儒家的孔孟思想像粮店,是天天要吃的,要深切了解中国文化历史的演变、将来怎么办,就要研究四书。
YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (树干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北极)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉机)and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”
Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.
During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南极).Amundsen arrived first.
Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.
When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣赏) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).
Dealing with a nosebleed(鼻出血)mightseem simple. But recently, the British RED Cross asked parents with youngchildren how to help a child with a nosebleed. About 65 percent of parents didnot ____11____ the correct action to help.
My arms were shaking and my heart was beating ____19____when I stood at the starting line. ____20____ the endless runway (跑道), I felt like a boatfighting against the wind and rain.
My earliest memory ofthese events began when I was around four years old. I was filled with ___12___ at that time. There were lots of ___13___ — crying, shouting, and doors slamming (砰地关上).
The December day started like any other. Papacame back with his boat full of fish. Mama made breakfast for the family.Seven-year-old Joonas was doing his homework, while his two little brothers ranaround the yard.
Once, herfather took her to the kitchen. He asked Jane to take a potato, an egg ____11____two spoons of tea leaves. Jane was ____12____, and asked her father, “Doyou want me to cook?”