中国古代商业的发展有哪些表现?综观中国古代历史,商业在不同的历史时期有不同的表现。主要表现在:(1)商业活动的场所的变化:先主要在城市中进行,后来农村集市贸易逐渐发展。唐时加快,明清时突出,出现了专业性的市集(如丝市、叶市、猪市等),以至逐渐形成了新兴的市镇(有的更是专业性的集散市集);而不是先有农村商业,而后才有城市商业的发展。(2)交易内容的变化:商业开始时以贩运、交流地区间的土特产品,经营统治者所需要的奢侈品为主要内容,以后随着商品货币经济的发展,市场商品种类增多、行业分细,为一般人民所需要的主要农副产品以及城市手工业所生产的大小商品在整个流通界地位提高。这种情况在宋代已经显现。(3)交易媒介的变化:商品交换最原始的形态是物物交换,不存在交易的媒介。随着商品交换的内容和地域的扩大,出现了以贝壳等为代表的一般等价物。
【本课小结】本课主要讲述了古代中国土地制度的发展情况。明清的资本主义萌芽,是中国封建社会内部产生的新生事物。但资本主义萌芽受到的封建王朝“重农抑商”和“闭关锁国”政策的阻碍。正是这种“闭关锁国”与“重农抑商”政策相结合,导致了资本主义萌芽的缓慢发展,并使中国与世隔绝,不能及时学习西方先进的科学技术,使中国落后于世界潮流,从而埋下了日后落后挨打的祸根。【智能训练】阅读下列材料:材料一自耕农是封建国家直接剥削的对象。为了保证赋税、徭役的供应,封建国家历来关注这一阶层的存在。“稳定小农”是封建王朝长治久安的良策,每一个新王朝建立时,对此尤为关注。他们总是采取鼓励垦荒等政策,积极培植自耕农。诚然,自耕农这一阶层是很不稳定的,经常分化。
【课后研讨】当互联网正大踏步走进人类生活的时候,人们对网络作用的认识似乎还是模糊不清。一种意见认为,作为中学生,他们上网的机会很多,互联网向他们展示了各类知识结构,网络为他们提供了大量信息,又给他们提供了一个接触社会的个性化和国际化的空间,给了他们一个展示自身能力的大舞台,所以他们对于知识选择的灵活性大大增加,学习的主动性也大大提高,学习的内容自然大大超出了狭隘的课本范围,这对于学生能力的提高应是大有裨益的。另一种意见认为,网络的出现无疑为推进素质教育提供了一块绿洲.但部分中学生上网更多的是为了消遣和娱乐,因为网络--这个完全虚拟的世界是他们放松自己的最佳场所。同时也许正基于这一点,家长和师长才会对中学生上网出现不同程度的抵制,因为他们认为网上娱乐分散了他们过多的精力,会对学业造成影响;更为重要的是,他们害怕网络上的不良信息对他们的身心不利。
(2)世界需要中国:中国入世后,为全球提供一个诱人的大市场。WTO亟须中国带来新的生机和平衡。世界需要中国。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,入世后,其巨大的需求潜力将转化为现实的购买力,为全球提供一个诱人的大市场。目前,与世贸组织成员间的贸易额占我国外贸总额的90%,来华落户的跨国公司多来自世贸组织成员。世贸组织几任总干事先后在不同场合表达过相同的意愿:WTO亟须中国带来新的生机和平衡。2、影响:(1)对世界:促进了世界经济的发展,有利于建立完善的世界贸易体系。(2)对中国:对中国经济发展有利有弊,但利大于弊。中国加入世贸组织,是机遇也是挑战。有利:加入世界贸易组织,促进了我国经济的发展,进一步完善了社会主义市场经济体制。
一、知识与能力:(1)了解中国古代不同时期的文学特色;(2)了解、诗,词、歌、赋等各种不同的知识内容和形式,知道和掌握一定数量的名家作品;(3)拓宽文化视野,提高赏析和运用古代文学作品的能力。二、过程与方法:(1)通过教科书及教师提供的材料以及自己的日常积累,通过阅读,讨论,分析,评论了解各个不同时期的文学发展特色。(2)通过阅读,观察,练习,欣赏,表演,评论,创作等方式积极参与教学;通过独立思考或合作学习对所学的内容进行比较,概括和阐释;学会合作学习和相互交流。三、情感态度与价值观:通过本课学习,了解中国古代灿烂的文化。通过对文学家、诗人及其文学作品的分析,把学生带进文学艺术的殿堂,感受古人的呼吸,思想,情操。增强文化修养。
苏联文学的沿革,既反映了苏联社会的伟大思想性变革,又反映了苏联文坛活跃与混乱并存的局面,特别是其所具有强烈的意识形态色彩是苏联社会深层次变化的风向标。(2)20世纪的亚、非、拉美文学20世纪亚、非、拉美文学的繁荣伴随着民族民主运动的高涨,其主流都体现了反对殖民压迫、反对社会不公的爱国主义精神。出现了许多颇有影响的作家和作品。泰戈尔是印度近现代文学的光辉代表,为印度现代民族主义奠定了基础。其代表作《戈拉》塑造了爱国的印度民族主义知识分子形象。泰戈尔是首位获诺贝尔文学奖的东方作家。鲁迅是中国文学革命的巨匠,他的《呐喊》集,昭示着中国新文学时代的到来。哥伦比亚作家马尔克斯的《百年孤独》,描绘加勒比海沿岸小城百年孤独的原因及打破这种状态的途径。
这次大赛我们看到了启发讲授式,合作探究式,情景体验式,信息技术与学科教学整合式等多种教学方法,各有所长,也都发挥了各自不同的教学作用。重庆的李静老师在讲《文化创新的途径》这课中,从一个大家都非常关注的有些争议的张艺谋导演的雅典奥运会闭幕式上8分钟的表演的品评与思辩入手,学生非常兴奋,又到2008年北京奥运会开幕式的点火和文艺演出的创新设计,教学过程中既有学生的现场调查,又有充分发挥学生想象力的小组合作探究,还有小组间彼此的评价。在教学方式的设计上既有体验式,又有合作探究式,还有教师的启发讲授,多种教学方式的整合提高了课堂教学的整体效益。最后还要求学生把他们的设计通过E-mail等方式发给北京奥运会组委会,让学生非常兴奋。”
思考:在我们今天的生活中,应该如何认识“孝”道?(“孝”为中华民族传统道德之本。在封建社会,“孝”被异化为封建统治阶级统治人民、维系政权的一个最重要的工具;一切听命于“一家之长”的观念,使人们往往屈从于独断的权威或传统的家庭礼教,失去了独立的人格。另一方面,“孝”从它本身意义出发,所包含的尊老、敬老、养老,以及亲亲、爱人、爱国,正是中华民族的一大传统美德,是中华民族家庭和睦、邻里相亲、社会稳定的重要内在因素。因此,孝道已被列为中华传统道德教育的重要内容。)所以我们要辩证地认识传统文化在现实生活中的作用,做到“取其精华,去其糟粕;批判继承,古为今用”。对于传统文化中符合社会发展要求的、积极的、向上的内容,应该继续保持和发扬。对于传统文化中不符合社会发展要求的、落后的、腐朽的东西,必须“移风易俗”,自觉地加以改造或剔除。2、正确对待传统文化的意义
2.弘扬和培育中华民族精神,是提高全民族综合素质的必然要求Why:(1)一个民族的发展也取决于民族的综合素质(2)民族精神是民族综合素质的有机组成和集中体现(3)高昂奋进的民族精神能产生巨大的力量,发挥不可估量的作用学生活动:你能举出生活中民族素质有待提高的事例吗?试着分析一下如何解决。举例:南京的市骂、中国公民在国外的随地吐痰、乱扔乱丢现象。3.弘扬和培育中华民族精神,是不断增强我国国际竞争力的要求Why:(1)文化在综合国力的竞争中的地位和作用越来越突出(2)民族精神作为中华文化的精髓,具有凝聚和动员民族力量、展示民族形象的重要功能,已成为表明综合国力强弱的至关重要的因素之一学生活动:“忆一忆”文化在综合国力竞争中具有怎样的意义?(P11、P22,关键词:精神武器、深深熔铸、重要标志、智力支持、方向保证、精神动力)
一、教材分析《意识的本质》是人教版高中政治必修四第5章第1框的教学内容,主要学习意识是客观存在的反映。二、 教学目标1.知识目标:识记意识的本质;理解意识是物质世界长期发展的产物、意识是人脑的机能、意识是客观存在的反映。2.能力目标:通过对意识起源和本质的原理学习,使学生逐步确立辨证唯物注意的意识观,具有正确认识意识现象、分辨物质和意识的界限、把握二者之间辨证关系的能力。3.情感、态度和价值观目标:牢固树立物质决定意识,意识对物质具有反作用的思想观点,坚定辨证唯物主义的信仰。三、教学重点难点意识的本质四、学情分析本框题的内容比较简单,主要是为学习第二框意识的作用作铺垫和准备的,所以,教师在讲这节课时不要在具体内容上花过多的时间。
教学重点1.自由落体运动的概念及探究自由落体运动的过程。2.掌握自由落体运动规律,并能运用其解决实际问题。教学难点演示实验和探究实验的技巧及自由落体运动规律的得出.教学过程设计思想:1、 先用游戏激发学生学习兴趣,顺理成章地研究落体运动;2、 通过演示实验让学生自己总结出物体下落快慢不同的主要原因是空气阻力,从而猜想若没有空气阻力会怎样;3、 用牛顿管实验验证猜想,引入了新的理想运动模型:自由落体运动。讲述1971年宇航员做的实验,加深印象;4、 了解地球表面物体下落运动近似成自由落体运动的条件;5、 着手研究自由落体运动的规律,利用打点计时器进行研究,得到结论;6、 总结自由落体运动特点及重力加速度;7、 应用训练
演示实验1、将一张纸和一张金属片在同一高度同时释放,结果金属片先着地。教师不发表意见,继续做实验。分别将实验内容和实验结果板书在黑板上。2、将刚才的纸片紧紧捏成一团,再次与硬币同时释放,结果两者几乎同时落地。3、将两个完全一样的纸片,一个捏成团,一个平展,则纸团下落快。师:物体下落快慢是由质量决定吗?生:不是的!师:为什么这样说?生:第2个实验和第三实验都说明了这个问题,特别是第3个问题,质量一样却下落有快慢之分。师:那你现在觉得物体下落快慢由什么因素决定呢?生:我想应该是空气阻力。猜想师:如果影响物体下落快慢的因素是空气阻力,那么在没有空气阻力,物体的下落快慢应该是一样的,这种猜想是不是正确呢?我们来做一个实验验证一下。
【教学过程】导入:如果说唐诗是中国文学史中的一朵奇葩,那孟浩然则是点缀其上的一滴晶莹露珠,其充满魅力与特色的诗风在盛唐独树一帜,也为其在人才济济的诗史上刻下了永恒的印记。同学们能否先回忆一下,我们学过的孟浩然的诗歌有哪些?(《春晓》、《宿建德江》、《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》、《过故人庄》。)我们常说"中国古诗写胸襟,是人格美的自然流露",那么孟诗在语言和思想情感上留给你怎样的印象和感受?整体感知:本文作者闻一多先生也是一位诗人,所谓"英雄惜英雄",相同的志向与情趣使闻一多似乎带着我们在与孟浩然进行了一场心灵的对话。那么同学们在快速阅读文章之后,能否先找出作者是选择了一个怎样的角度对孟浩然评价的?(诗如其人,人如其诗。)
【教材分析】The topic of this unit is about teenage life, which belongs to the theme context of “humans and oneself”.As teenagers who shoulder the responsibility of “Chinese great dream”, they must fully know themselves, including their strengths, weaknesses and challenges etc. They are supposed to improve themselves continuously and readily study their subjects, and thus foster their strategies and confidence in lifelong studies.This period is entitled the freshmen challenges, which mainly concerns some big challenges for new students in Senior high school. In this period, a teacher should lead students to find out what their challenges are and guide them to figure out how to crack the challenges and better themselves. More importantly, a teacher should instruct students to absorb new language points and appreciate the language. Besides, a teacher must instruct students to acquire some skills concerning reading efficiently and inspire them to talk more about their new school life, especially their new problems and solutions both at school and in life.【教学目标与核心素养】1. Enable students to acquire the basic usage of the new words and expressions concerning the freshmen challenges and learn to use them flexibly.2. Enable students to have a good understanding of the freshmen challenges in the new senior high school which is quite different from junior middle school.3. Develop students’ sense of cooperative learning and individual thinking capability. 4. Develop students’ different learning skills to solve different reading comprehensive problems.
(形容词短语most beautiful的构成形式为:副词+形容词,该短语在句中作定语修饰名词bird)④A good friend is someone who makes you really happy.好朋友就是能让你真正高兴的人。(形容词短语really happy的构成形式为:副词+形容词,该短语在句中作宾语补足语)[即学即练]画出下例句中的形容词短语并指明构成形式如:It is less cold today than it was yesterday.构成形式: 副词+形容词(1)Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.(2)The road is long enough.(3)The medicine is good for stomach.三、副词短语(Adverb Phrases)副词短语:指以一个副词为中心构成的短语,在句中的功能相当于副词,可以修饰动词、形容词或副词。常见副词短语的构成形式有:(副词)+副词如: much more beautifully①He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在这里工作。(副词短语here yesterday修饰动词did)②Bill did the work very well.比尔做的这份工作很好。副词短语very well修饰动词did③We are all entirely responsible for our action(副词短语all entirely, 修饰形容词短语responsible for)
【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with reading for writing a letter of advice. Students are expected to learn the knowledge about how to write a suggestion letter. The teacher is expected to enable students to master some writing skills concerning suggestion letters and learn to write one.【教学目标与核心素养】1. Get students to have a good understanding of how to write a suggestion letter properly.2. Enable students to use some writing skills flexibly.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.【教学重难点】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the skills of writing a suggestion letter2.How to enable students to write a good recommendation letter using some writing skills properly.【教学过程】Step 1: Lead in Begin the class with the lead-in questions: how to write a letter for advice? What kinds of aspects should be included? It is strongly recommended that the teacher should ask students to discuss the topic freely with their partners and brainstorm some ideas concerning the topic. In this way, students can come up with more ideas and avoid being nervous at the beginning of the class.Step 2: Read to discover details concerning advice letters’ writing style.The teacher is expected to ask students to read a letter offering some advice on page 18 silently and then request students to discuss the questions below.
Good expressions that students can choose to use: help the travelers choose which tour to take1. In my opinion, you could/might choose…, because you prefer to…2. …could be a perfect choice for you, for…3. As far as I am concerned, you would enjoy…, for…4. …would probably suit you, because you enjoy/love/hate doing…Step 5 Passage ConsolidationLanguage appreciation:1. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. 在接下来的三天里,您可以在当地导游的陪同下,深入雨林进行探索,欣赏雨林特有的动植物。本句主体结构为spend some time doing sth. 2. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 印加的建筑工人将石头切割成精确的尺寸,仅仅凭着石头间的完美契合,即可稳固墙体。本句为so that引导的结果状语从句。nothing与the perfect fit为并列成分; other than在句中意为“除了”。Step 6 HomeworkSuppose you will travel to Peru, write a short essay about your three-day tour plan.
5. Read to get detailed information about Paragraph 5.Q1. What shows the revival of Tangshan?Q2. How can Tangshan revive itself and get up on its feet again?Q3. In times of disasters, how can we go through it?T: In times of disasters, we should unify, show the wisdom and stay positive.Step 4 Activity 4 Highlighting the theme and reflecting1. Make a summary of the text.2. Further understand the titleQ: After our learning, why do you think the earth didn’t sleep on that night?T: An earthquake happened. The people in the earthquake suffered a lot, and the people outside Tangshan were concerned about the people there a lot.3. Reflect through discussion on what can be learnt after reading.T: Disasters are powerful. Unpreparedness can be deadly. Life is weak, but if people work together to help each other, disasters can be defeated.There is no love from disaster, but we have love in the human heart.Step 5 Assignment How does the writer convey that the earthquake was deadly, and that people were helpless during the earthquake? Try to find some attractive and impressive expressions and note them down.
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about an international youth cultural heritage protection project. More than 20 high school students from seven countries participated in the project. The reporter interviewed two participants Stephanie and Liu Bin. By listening to the text, students can understand the significance of cultural heritage protection, and teenagers can use their knowledge, combine their own interests and advantages, etc. to participate in the action of cultural heritage protection. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "Talk about history and culture". The listening text is a dialogue between two tourists and tour guides when they visit the Kremlin, red square and surrounding buildings. The dialogue focuses on the functional items of "starting a conversation", which is used to politely and appropriately attract the attention of the others, so as to smoothly start a conversation or start a new topic. The purpose of this section is to guide students to understand the history and current situation of Chinese and foreign cultural heritage in their own tourism experiences or from other people's tourism experiences, explore the historical and cultural values, and be able to express accurately and appropriately in oral communication.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to participate in cultural heritage protection activities.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I beg your pardon, but…” “Forgive me for asking, but…" and so on to start the conversation more politely and appropriately.
(1)主人公大卫·科波菲尔:大卫·科波菲尔是《大卫·科波菲尔》中的主人公,曾经是个孤儿。作家描写了他从孤儿成长为一个具有人道主义精神的资产阶级民主主义作家的过程。他善良,诚挚,聪明,勤奋好学,有自强不息的勇气、百折不回的毅力和积极进取的精神,在逆境中满怀信心,在顺境中加倍努力,终于获得了事业上的成功和家庭的幸福。在这个人物身上寄托着狄更斯的道德理想。(2)《大卫·科波菲尔》中的女性形象:在狄更斯笔下,《大卫·科波菲尔》塑造了一个个有血有肉的人物形象,每个任务都给人留下了深刻的印象,尤其是成功塑造了不同性格、不同品德的女性形象:贝西姨婆、艾妮斯、佩葛蒂、克拉拉、朵拉、摩德斯通小姐、米考伯太太、艾米丽……贝西姨婆与摩德斯通小姐的对比,克拉拉、朵拉与艾妮斯的对比更使她们栩栩如生,对贝西姨婆、艾妮斯、佩葛蒂的爱就更深一层,对摩德斯通小姐更是恨之入骨,对朵拉、克拉拉既同情又气愤。